Organophosphorus Poisons

Although managing mild organophosphorus poisoning could be quite simple, management of moderate to severe organophosphorus poisoning requires skill and extensive knowledge of this emergency. This book is a comprehensive guide to manage organophosphorus poisoning cases, covering everything from the identification of poison to the treatment. We have endeavored to cover every aspect of diagnosis and treatment, including common names of organophosphorus, carbamates, pyrethroids, and organo-chloro poisons, the types of presentation in organophosphorus poisoning, interpretation of cholinesterase level reports, prevention of intermediate syndrome/reintubation, decisions regarding doses of atropine and pralidoxime (2PAM) and other treatment options in organophosphorus poisoning, how to overcome difficulties in weaning from ventilator, delayed complications and their prevention, differences in treatment of organophosphorus poisoning and carbamates/ pyrethroids/organo-chloro poisons and many more frequently asked questions. This book provides detailed evidence-based answers to 64 questions related to organophosphorus poisoning and would prove invaluable to medical students for conceptual understanding of this topic and to clinicians for the effective management of patients with organophosphorus poisoning.

Modern Trends in Physiological Sciences, Volume 13: Organophosphorus Poisons: Anticholinesterases and Related Compounds covers the reactions, toxic action, activation, methods of preparation, and pharmacology of pentacovalent phosphorus compounds. This book is composed of four parts encompassing 17 chapters. The first part highlights the chemical aspects of organophosphorus poisons. This part specifically surveys their nomenclature, electronic theory, methods of preparation and purification, and hydrolytic and related reactions. The second part deals with the biochemical aspects of the compounds. Topics covered in this aspect include enzyme inhibition activity and metabolism in insects, mammals, plants, and soil. The third and fourth parts focus on the pharmacological aspects of organophosphorus poisons in mammals and insects. These parts emphasize some aspects of nerve function, of how nerve function is influenced by various drugs, and the main experimental set-ups used in studying the pharmacology of phosphorus compounds. A chapter on the therapeutic methods, symptoms, and diagnosis of their bad and abnormal effects in man is also provided. This book is of value to pharmacologists, biochemists, physical chemists, and toxicologists.

Few chemical compounds created by man have caused greater controversy than organophosphates. Conceived as insecticides, they have also been developed to become the most feared of chemical weapons. The control of vectors of diseases from which millions die or are disabled is heavily dependent on organophosphates, as are efforts to maintain food production in the face of uncontrolled population growth, diminishing arable land and the possibility of global warming. As the toxicity of organophosphates is non-specific, it has caused ill health and death in man, and has contributed to adverse ecological effects.This book, written by recognised experts, studies and presents information in a manner that basic scientists, medical personnel, environmentalists, agriculturists and those in public health and occupational medicine will find essential when considering the use of organophosphates in their disciplines. The text primarily covers health aspects, with discussions on related social, economic, environmental and agricultural issues that concern all inhabitants of the global village.

Clinical & Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphates and Carbamates considers the histochemical localization of cholinesterase in anticholinesterase poisoning. This book is organized into eight parts encompassing 59 chapters that discuss the pharmacology and toxicology of carbamates, as well as the neurobehavioral toxicology of anticholinesterases. Some of the topics covered in the book are the overview of biological and clinical aspects of organophosphates and carbamates; biochemical determination of cholinesterase activity in fluids and tissues; intermediate syndrome in anticholinesterase neurotoxicity; structure-activity relationships and anticholinesterase activity; and the molecular events in delayed neuropathy. Other parts deal with the cardiac effects of anticholinesterase agents and the ecotoxicological consequences of interactions between avian esterases and organophosphorus compounds. These topics are followed by discussions on the analysis of the cutaneous and respiratory tract absorption of anticholinesterases and the use of organophosphorus compounds as chemical warfare agents. The final parts are devoted to the toxicity of anticholinesterases to aquatic organisms. The book can provide useful information to toxicologists, doctors, students, and researchers.

In order to get a general concept of organophosphorus pesticides with such a variety in structure and biological activities, consideration of each aspect of chemistry, biochemistry, and the applied sciences is necessary. This book consists of these three main parts. After the presentation of the background of phosphorus chemistry in Chapter 1, stress was put on the chemical and biochemical reactions of organophosphorus pesticides, including synthesis, analysis, metabolism mode of action, and other interesting aspects in Chapter 2 to 4, and on the structure-pesticidal activity relationship in Chapter 5.

Toxic Phosphorus Esters: Chemistry, Metabolism, and Biological Effects aims to become a source book on organophosphate research and show how the understanding of the events following organophosphate poisoning of animals can be understood in terms of events at the molecular level. The manuscript first offers information on nonenzymic reactions and the reaction with cholinesterase in vitro. Discussions focus on hydrolysis, isomerization, oxidation, phosphorylation of the enzyme, and selectivity for different cholinesterases. The text then examines enzymic degradation and activation in vitro, effects in mammals, and effects on isolated whole tissues. The publication ponders on the effects in insects and plants, including results of poisoning, metabolism, resistance, antagonism and synergism, and phytotoxicity. The text also reviews selective toxicity, as well as excretion and storage, metabolism, design of new selective compounds, and nature of the target. The manuscript is a dependable reference for readers interested in the composition, reactions, and effects of toxic phosphorus esters.

This volume pulls together a wealth of up-to-date information on the toxicology of this diverse and ubiquitous class of insecticides. Leading experts review the reactivity of organophosphorus compounds with cholinesterase, as well as their metabolism and biological effects on humans and other nontarget organisms. The book not only covers the anticholinesterase actions of organophosphates, but also other, presumably independent, effects, such as teratogenicity, delayed neuropathy, immunotoxicity, and behavioral toxicity. Offers crucial overviews of chemical and biochemical reactivity and biological responsiveness of mainly nontarget organisms Reviews new developments in assessment of metabolism and disposition of organophosphorus compounds Examines organophosphorus compound-induced toxicity mediated by mechanisms other than inhibition of acetylcholinesterase Covers new research on differences in toxicity induced by the variety of organophosphorus Analyzes current controversies on the relevance of certain biochemical parameters in actual organophosphate toxicity in vivo