Pathophysiology Of Cerebral Energy Metabolism

Introductory Remarks.- Pathophysiology of Cerebral Ischemia.- The Interpretation of Ultrastructural Abnormalities in Cerebral Ischemia.- Short-Term Unilateral Ischemia in Gerbils: A Reevaluation.- Some New Aspects of the Pathochemistry of the Post-Ischemic Period.- Blood Flow, Oxygen, and Electrical Dynamics in Cerebral Ischemia.- Cytochemistry of Hippocampus Following Cerebral Ischemia.- Cerebral Water and Electrolyte Content Following Ischemia and Blood-Brain Barrier Disturbances.- Behavior of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) in Cerebral Ischemia.- Reemphasis of the Role of 5-Hydroxytryptamine.

Brain Energy Metabolism addresses its challenging subject by presenting diverse technologies allowing for the investigation of brain energy metabolism on different levels of complexity. Model systems are discussed, starting from the reductionist approach like primary cell cultures which allow assessing of the properties and functions of a single brain cell type with many different types of analysis, however, at the expense of neglecting the interaction between cell types in the brain. On the other end, analysis in animals and humans in vivo is discussed, maintaining the full complexity of the tissue and the organism but making high demands on the methods of analysis. Written for the popular Neuromethods series, chapters include the kind of detailed description and key implementation advice that aims to support reproducible results in the lab. Meticulous and authoritative, Brain Energy Metabolism provides an ideal guide for researchers interested in brain energy metabolism with the hope of stimulating more research in this exciting and very important field.

This book deals with a vital topic: metabolism in the cells of the body and various disorders due to its imbalance and/or diseases that disrupt the metabolism of the body. The objective of this book was to collect and compile up-to-date information from reputed researchers in their respective fields to disseminate the latest information about topics that have profound effects on the metabolic processes in the body including insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, metabolic syndrome, glycogen storage disease, and the urea cycle disorder. In total, there are 12 chapters in this book in which the authors have shared their research findings and real-life experiences in managing their patients.

This monograph contains the Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Pathophysiology of Cerebral Energy Metabolism, organized and sponsored by the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Art, in Belgrade, September 16-20, 1979. The purpose of the SYmposium was to promote an inter disciplinary discussion on Circu1atory and Deve1oprnenta1 Aspects of Brain Metabolism. Doctors G. Buznikov (Moscow), I. Klatzo (Bethesda), B. B. Mrsulja (Belgrade) . O. Z. Se1inger (Ann Arbor), and M. Spatz (Bethesda) served as members of the Advisory Board, chaired by Dr. Lj. H. Raki6 (Belgrade) , and he1ped to plan the scientific pro gram. v CONTENTS 1 Opening Address S. Kanazir SECTION I CIRCULATORY ASPECTS Ischemia Related Changes in Adenine Nucleotide Metabolism . • . • . • . • • . . • • . • . • 5 N. Murakami, W. D. Lust, F. A. M. de Azeredo and J. V. Passonneau Regional Glucose Metabolism and Nerve Cell Damage after Cerebral Ischemia in Normo- and Hypoglycemic Rats ••••• • . . • . • . • 23 N. H. Diemer and E. Siemkowicz Nuclear Cell Regulatory l>1echanism in Cerebral Ischemia and Anoxia • • • • • . . • • • • . •. 33 T. Yanagihara Correlation of Amino Acid Concentrations, Permeability and Structural Changes in Monkey Brain Following Both Sustained and Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion • • • • . • •. 47 K. A. Conger and J •. H. Garcia Histochemical and Biochemical Investigations on ATPase Activity Following Transient Brain Ischemia in Gerbils • • . . • • • • . .

This volume includes the proceedings of a NATO sponsored Advanced Research Workshop on the physiology of the Creatine Kinase catalyzed reaction in brain bioenergetics and on the pathophysiology of Neurologic and Psychiatric Diseases. The workshop was held in Tbilisi, Georgia in June 2001. Topics include the Creatine Kinase systems in brain, heart, and muscle; the creatine transporter in brain; and disorders of creatine and ATP metabolism. The present volume will be of particular interest to cell biologists interested in bioenergetics and the physiology of the CK catalyzed reaction in brain and other excitable tissues; neurobiologists interested in the physiology of the CK catalyzed reaction in brain, pediatricians interested in metabolic diseases affecting ATP metabolism and creatine metabolism and transport, and neurologists interested in the effects of creatine in neurodegenerative diseases.

Impairment of energy metabolism is a hallmark of brain aging and several neurodegenerative diseases, such as the Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Age- and disease-related hypometabolism is commonly associated with oxidative stress and they are both regarded as major contributors to the decline in synaptic plasticity and cognition. Neuroinflammatory changes, entailing microglial activation and elevated expression of inflammatory cytokines, also correlate with age-related cognitive decline. It is still under debate whether the mitochondrial dysfunction-induced metabolic deficits or the microglia activation-mediated neuroinflammation is the initiator of the cognitive changes in aging and AD. Nevertheless, multiple lines of evidence support the notion that mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic inflammation exacerbate each other, and these mechanistic diversities have cellular redox dysregulation as a common denominator. This research topic focuses on the role of a metabolic-inflammatory axis encompassing the bioenergetic activity, brain inflammatory responses and their redox regulation in healthy brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Dynamic interactions among these systems are reviewed in terms of their causative or in-tandem occurrence and how the systemic environment, –e.g., insulin resistance, diabetes, and systemic inflammation–, impacts on brain function.

The latest studies shed new light on current issues of neural amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. Papers deal with metabolic mechanisms for cellular responses to stress and damage from a variety of insults, and develop insights on the interrelationships and interdependence of the different neural cell populations. This up-to-date publication incorporates a wealth of knowledge and points to new directions in research which are of significance to a broad spectrum of developmental neuroscientists as well as to researchers in physiology, biochemistry and nutrition with an interest in brain energy metabolism.