Practical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography And Extraction

This book explores the fundamental and practical aspects of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and extraction. It discusses packed columns in SFC; detection in SFC; supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectroscopy; and evaporative light scattering detection in SFC.

An exploration of fundamental as well as practical aspects of supercritical fluid chromatography and extraction. It addresses topics such as: packed columns in SFC; detection in SFC; supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectroscopy; and evaporative light scattering detection in SFC.

The use of supercritical fluids in analytical chemistry is still grow ing. More and more analysts are discovering the favorable advan tages for a number of applications. Especially supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has attracted a lot of interest in recent years due to its simplicity. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has become better established and the development of this technique has been accelerated by the many applications with capillary col umns which have been published in the literature. At first SFC equipment was based on instruments commonly used for liquid chromatography, and the first commercial in struments were derived from this technology. However, capillary columns can be much more easily interfaced to gas chromatogra phy equipment especially to the detectors commonly used for Oc. Many stationary phases both for packed micro columns and capillary columns have been designed for SFC purposes extending this technology to LC and OC. The most common fluid applied in SFC and SFE is carbon dioxide. The advantages of supercritical CO , such as having dif 2 fusivity like a gas and solvating power depending on temperature and pressure, are also valid for other fluids and modified fluids. Both properties are valuable for sample extraction and extraction selectivity.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction is a technique in which CO2 is used under extremely high pressure to separate solution (e.g., removing caffeine from coffee). Separations is basic to all process industries and supercritical fluid extraction is a specific type which is receiving a high level of attention. The book will combine basic fundamentals with industrial applications. The second edition has been expanded and updated and includes new chapters on chromatography and food processing. "...this is an excellent book which is both instructive and amusing to read. Its true value is neatly summarised in one of the closing sentences: 'We have supplied you with the guidelines and criteria which you can now apply when considering supercritical fluids for your own needs.'' - Chemistry in Britain, February 1995

by Professor D. E. Games, Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, University College of Swansea Sample preparation can be viewed as occupying a Cinderella role in analytical science. However, the quality of sample preparation plays a key role in high In the past decade, there has been quality analysis and deserves higher stature. considerable interest in the use of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) as an alternative to conventional procedures for the preparation of samples for ana lysis. The driving force for this development is the need for automated, sim pler, faster, non-destructive and selective methods for extraction, preferably using non-toxic extraction media which are easily disposed of. Utilization of supercritical fluids for extraction fulfils these requirements because of their unique physical chemical properties and usually low toxicity. Selectivity can be achieved by suitable selection of pressure (density), temperature and modi fier conditions which enable solvating power to be varied. The high diffusivity of supercritical fluids provides rapid sample penetration and extraction. Use of fluids with low critical temperatures enables extraction to be conducted under mild thermal conditions ensuring that thermally labile compounds do not decompose. The technique can be used off-line, and the extracts analysed by appropriate techniques, or it can be used on-line, by coupling with a variety of chromatographic techniques. These can then, if necessary, be coupled fur ther with spectroscopic techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared, ultra violet or mass spectrometry, to provide specific identification or structural information.

Practical Application of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Research and Development provides a valuable “go-to reference for many difficult-to-solve challenges using pertinent chromatographic theory, first-hand case studies, and examples provided from academic and industry experts. This text also enables professors teaching an analytical instrumental course to introduce and instruct students about one of the most sustainable and powerful separation methods currently available. While the text has broad applicability across industrial sectors, it focuses primarily on application in the pharmaceutical industry. The book is designed to allow readers to align current HPLC/UHPLC capabilities with SFC as an orthogonal tool for project specific methods in the pharmaceutical industry. It highlights where SFC falls on the spectrum of useful chromatographic tools for routine and challenging separative methods. Experienced HPLC users who are interested in developing knowledge in orthogonal separation techniques, as well as newcomers to the field of separation science, will find this text particularly useful. Chapters address where SFC may fit the analytical needs of the pharmaceutical industry and alert the readers as to where the technique will not fit. Readers will gain an understanding of how and where SFC may be applied and adapted more routinely across the pharmaceutical industry as a ‘green’ way of undertaking separation opportunities and challenges. Areas within the pharmaceutical industry include early drug discovery, process chemistry, and late stage development and manufacturing. Describes approaches to SFC column and mobile phase selection for method development for both analytical and preparative tasks Gives practical examples of how analytical SFC enables the monitoring of synthetic reactions including unstable intermediates, chiral and achiral polar reactants and products across small and large modalities Provides need-focused case studies for pharmaceutical analysts, process chemists, and contract chemistry facilities that can benefit from monitoring or purifying polar intermediates, mutagenic impurities, nitrosamines and other reaction by-products including excipients and metabolites

By encouraging a deliberate, systematic approach to supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods and techniques, this book enables scientists and technicians to avoid disappointing results and erroneous conclusions and develop reliable guidelines for using this versatile technology.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction is a technique in which CO2 is used under extremely high pressure to separate solutions. Separations is basic to all process industries & supercritical fluid extraction is a specific type which is receiving a high level of attention, The book will combine basic fundamentals with industrial applications.