Protein Secretion In Bacteria

Protein transport into and across membranes is a fundamental process in bacteria that touches upon and unites many areas of microbiology, including bacterial cell physiology, adhesion and motility, nutrient scavenging, intrabacterial signaling and social behavior, toxin deployment, interbacterial antagonism and collaboration, host invasion and disruption, and immune evasion. A broad repertoire of mechanisms and macromolecular machines are required to deliver protein substrates across bacterial cell membranes for intended effects. Some machines are common to most, if not all bacteria, whereas others are specific to Gram-negative or Gram-positive species or species with unique cell envelope properties such as members of Actinobacteria and Spirochetes. Protein Secretion in Bacteria, authored and edited by an international team of experts, draws together the many distinct functions and mechanisms involved in protein translocation in one concise tome. This comprehensive book presents updated information on all aspects of bacterial protein secretion encompassing: Individual secretory systems–Sec, Tat, and T1SS through the newly discovered T9SS Mechanisms, structures, and functions of bacterial secretion systems Lipoprotein sorting pathways, outer membrane vesicles, and the sortase system Structures and roles of surface organelles, including flagella, pili, and curli Emerging technologies and translational implications Protein Secretion in Bacteria serves as both an introductory guide for students and postdocs and a ready reference for seasoned researchers whose work touches on protein export and secretion. This volume synthesizes the diversity of mechanisms of bacterial secretion across the microbial world into a digestible resource to stimulate new research, inspire continued identification and characterization of novel systems, and bring about new ways to manipulate these systems for biotechnological, preventative, and therapeutic applications.

For bacteria ..."the times are achanging"... The genomes of over 60 different bacteria have now been sequenced, and we know a lot about the important research organism Escherichia coli, the important industrial organism Bacillus subtilis, and about important plant and human pathogens. It will not take long before we know all the gene products and their functions of a few of these bacteria. Some of us already begin to think about a digital model E. coli or Bacillus cell. For that end we need to know all the physiological activities and metabolic routes of the cell. But in addition we like to know how things work at the molecular level and how protein and membranes as well as other (macromolecular) structures work together to carry out specific cell functions. Protein Secretion Pathways in Bacteria describes all the known folding and targeting routes of inner and outer membrane proteins as well as of proteins that are secreted by several specific export routes. The book gives detailed molecular information about the structures that are important for the different mechanisms involved. This is a valuable contribution to the understanding of how rather simple and yet complex bacterial cells work.

This volume details protocols that cover the broad arsenal of techniques used to study a secretion system from A to Z. Chapters focus on identifying and localizing the different subunits, defining interactions within subunits, monitoring conformational changes, purifying and imaging of large complexes, defining the assembly pathway by fluorescence microscopy and the role of energy during assembly and/or secretion, identifying secreted effectors as well as reporters to follow effector transport. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems: Methods and Protocol aims to provide techniques that are not restricted to the study of secretion systems but are also of specific interest for any researcher interested on multi-protein complexes of the bacterial cell envelope.

One of the most exciting developments in the field of bacterial pathogenesis in recent years is the discovery that many pathogens utilize complex nanomachines to deliver bacterially encoded effector proteins into eukaryotic and prokaryotic target cells to modulate a variety of cellular functions for the pathogen’s benefit. These protein-delivery machines include the type III secretion system (T3SS), which is widespread in nature and encoded not only by bacteria pathogenic to vertebrates or plants, but also by bacteria that are symbiotic to plants or insects. Because they are essential virulence factors for many important human pathogens, these systems are emerging as a prime target for the development of new-generation, anti-infective drugs. This book reviews our current understanding of these intriguing injection machines as well as of the closely related T3SS that serves in flagella assembly. Individual chapters focus on regulation, assembly, structure, and function of the type III secretion machine and on the evolution of the secreted effector proteins. Given its scope, this book will appeal to a broad readership, including researchers and teachers in the fields of infectious diseases, host pathogen interactions, plant and animal pathogenesis, and symbiosis.

Secretion refers to the movement of materials from one point to another. In bacterial species, secretion is the transport of effector molecules like toxins, enzymes or proteins from the cytoplasm to exterior of the bacterial cell. It is a crucial mechanism in bacterial functioning and operation for their survival and adaptability in their natural surroundings. Bacterial secretion systems are the protein complexes on the cell membranes of bacteria for secretion of substances. These protein secretion systems play the role of cellular devices utilized by pathogenic bacteria to secrete their virulence factors to attack the host cells. They may be categorized on the basis of their composition, activity and distinct structure. Usually, proteins may be secreted via two distinct processes. In one process, cytoplasm of the bacteria is translocated and delivered directly in the host from cell membrane. Whereas, in the second process, proteins are transported to the inner membrane, deposited on periplasm, and then transmitted to the host by the outer cell membrane. The topics included in this book on bacterial protein secretion systems are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, it targets medical students and professionals.

The last decade has witnessed rapid progress in our under standing of the mechanisms of protein export and secretion in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Studies of protein secretion across the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum have led to the formulation of the now-classic signal hypothesis, which has stimulated many discussions and new ideas, and the identification of the signal recogni tion particle as an organelle in the initiation of the export process. However, more recent work pertaining to intrage nic information related to targeting specific proteins for either secretion or membrane localization, the energetics of protein secretion, the timing of synthesis versus the initia tion of export, structural requirements for the processing of precursor proteins, and the identification of the proces sing enzymes (signal peptidases), has been the result of a combined biochemical and genetic approach to the study of protein localization in bacteria. While reviews on the biochemistry and genetics of pro tein secretion have appeared frequently in recent years, this book attempts to summarize the current status and the future perspectives of this rapidly moving field in a single volume. Topics covered in this book include the genetics of protein secretion in E. coli, biochemical analysis of pro tein export in vitro, signal peptidases, excretion of colicins and hemolysin in E. coli, protein secretion in Bacillus, and protein secretion cloning vectors.

ABC Proteins is an in-depth, up-to-date analysis of all that is known about the subject to date. It discusses and compares evolution, biology and mechanism of action of all known ABC proteins, including the first structural studies as well as clinical implications. It will be useful to anyone trying to stay abreast of the latest findings. This book is sure to become a classic and will regularly be updated. Phylogeny and Evoloution of ABC Transporters Fundamental Aspects of the Mechanism of Action of ABC Transporters Prokaryote ABC Transporters Non-Mammalian Transporters Multidrug Transporters ABC Transporters, Physiological Roles and Human Disease Full color throughout

This book describes the major achievements and discoveries relevant to bacterial protein toxins since the turn of the new century illustrated by the discovery of more than fifty novel toxins (many of them identified through genome screening). The establishment of the three-dimensional crystal structure of more than 20 toxins during the same period offers deeper knowledge of structure-activity relationships and provides a framework to understand how toxins recognize receptors, penetrate membranes and interact with and modify intracellular substrates. Edited by two of the most highly regarded experts in the field from the Institut Pasteur, France 14 brand new chapters dedicated to coverage of historical and general aspects of toxinology Includes the major toxins of both basic and clinical interest are described in depth Details applied aspects of toxins such as therapy, vaccinology, and toolkits in cell biology Evolutionary and functional aspects of bacterial toxins evaluated and summarized Toxin applications in cell biology presented Therapy (cancer therapy, dystonias) discussed Vaccines (native and genetically engineered vaccines) featured Toxins discussed as biological weapons, comprising chapters on anthrax, diphtheria, ricin etc.