Public Domain Encyclopedia Vol V

The Public Domain Encyclopedia (or PDE) is a book series dedicated to the Golden Age of comics that are, today, freely available to all. It is aimed at readers, writers and artists that are looking for reliable and verified information about characters, authors, businessmen and publishers. The 5th volume of PDE is dedicated to Harry A. Chesler, one of the very first entrepreneur in the field of comics during the Golden Age. Was he a ruthless businessman or a philanthropist? A farsighted manager or an opportunity seeker? This volume is divided in 3 macro-sections: an introduction describing the history of Chesler comics, Harry A. Chesler's bio, and the history of the comic packagers during the Golden Age. Section 2 focuses on Chesler's superheroes, providing insights on their creation and conceptualization, their publishing life and their actual copyright and trademark status. The last part is an updated summary of the copyright status of Chesler Golden Age titles, providing registration and renewal numbers dates and owners. A trademark table completes this section summarizing the registered trademark of each of the characters. All sections are fully illustrated with black & white fully original illustrations, pin-ups and splash-pages, granting a reading that goes far beyond the simple understanding of historical data, proving that the Funny Pages of the past are still enjoyable for all.

The Calendar was invented in ancient times to allow nations to pace their economic and social activities with climatic seasons. Throughout the history of civilizations, much depended on organizing and administering an accurate calendar. Hunter-gatherers needed the calendar to predict the migrations of herds of wild animals. As humanity advanced, farming communities required calendars to predict the coming of rain or the time of the flooding of rivers. Traders and seafaring communities needed to map the best time of the year to tackle the dangers of seas when sailing far from home. In contemporary times of globalization, calendars have become even more critical in optimizing the complex supply chains of local and global production cycles. Oral traditions ascertain that the Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula used a rudimentary lunisolar calendar, called in the literature the “Arabian Calendar.” Like with all nations, the lunisolar Arabian Calendar helped the Arabs organize their meager resources in the best ways possible. For example, research showed that the Ḥajj season and its pan-Arabian markets were scheduled to coincide with the date harvesting season peaking from July to September. The abundance of the date harvest available in this period, along with assigning the concept of inviolability to the Arabian months spanning this season, allowed them to travel across Arabia to Mecca to trade in the pan-Arabian markets and to participate in the religious rituals of their pilgrimage (the Ḥajj). It is asserted in this book that Prophet Muḥammad followed the lunisolar Arabian Calendar all his life. At the end of the tenth year after he migrated from Mecca to Medīna, and during his Farewell Pilgrimage, the Qurʾān sternly abolished the process of intercalation, i.e., the Nasīʾ, the very process which allowed the Arabs to organize their various economic and religious activities. When Caliph ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb initiated the Hijri Calendar seven years after Prophet Muḥammad death, i.e., in 17 AH, he founded it as “purely lunar,” which meant its months were allowed to float within the solar year. Caliph ʿUmar is famous for his zeal in protecting the fundamental Islamic principle of monotheism. This, I show, was the reason for introducing the Hijri Calendar as purely lunar, because “Nasīʾ,” i.e., Quraysh’s method of intercalation was hopelessly entangled with the polytheistic religion of Quraysh, the Prophet’s tribe, and the guardian of the holy places in Mecca and its environs. The harmful effects of following the purely lunar Hijri Calendar were realized from early on. But the prohibition of Nasīʾ inhibited the early Islamic caliphs from reforming the Hijri Calendar. This book explores the history of the Arabian Calendar and its intimate connection with the Hijri Calendar. The main findings of this book are as follows: 1- The main Ḥajj shrines in Macca are aligned in the direction of sunrises and sunsets of the Summer Solstice day. 2- Quraysh intercalated its Arabian Calendar by forcing the Summer Solstice (SS) Day to occur within the 11th month of the Arabian Calendar, Shawwāl. The Nasīʾ month was added when the onset of the SS was about to transfer to into the 11th month Dhū’l Qaʿda. 3- The onset of the SS day was determined through the sunset alignment along the line joining the posts of “al-Wosṭā and al-ʿAqaba Jamarāt, and also by observing the sun rising from behind the peak of mount Thabīr from the location of the sacrificial altar of pre-Islamic Mina. 4- The Prophet arrived in his migration from Mecca to Medīna on the Days of ʿĀshūrāʾ which corresponded to the dates of 8th of Rabīʿ-I, the 10th of the Hebrew month Tishri, and to the 23rd of September 632. 5- The epoch of the Hijri Calendar must be adjusted back by two days from the epoch used so far. 6- The Farewell Pilgrimage occurred in autumn on September 4, 632 CE, not in spring on March 11, 632 CE.

The Internet Encyclopedia in a 3-volume reference work on the internet as a business tool, IT platform, and communications and commerce medium.

“Recommended. Undergraduates through faculty/researchers; professionals/practitioners;general readers.” – Choice Includes well over 500 A-Z entries of between 500 and 7,500 words in length covering the main topics, key concepts, and influential figures in the field of clinical psychology Serves as a comprehensive reference with emphasis on philosophical and historical issues, cultural considerations, and conflicts Offers a historiographical overview of the ways in which research influences practice Cites the best and most up-to-date scientific evidence for each topic, encouraging readers to think critically 5 Volumes www.encyclopediaclinicalpsychology.com

The first edition of the Encyclopedia of Optical and Photonic Engineering provided a valuable reference concerning devices or systems that generate, transmit, measure, or detect light, and to a lesser degree, the basic interaction of light and matter. This Second Edition not only reflects the changes in optical and photonic engineering that have occurred since the first edition was published, but also: Boasts a wealth of new material, expanding the encyclopedia’s length by 25 percent Contains extensive updates, with significant revisions made throughout the text Features contributions from engineers and scientists leading the fields of optics and photonics today With the addition of a second editor, the Encyclopedia of Optical and Photonic Engineering, Second Edition offers a balanced and up-to-date look at the fundamentals of a diverse portfolio of technologies and discoveries in areas ranging from x-ray optics to photon entanglement and beyond. This edition’s release corresponds nicely with the United Nations General Assembly’s declaration of 2015 as the International Year of Light, working in tandem to raise awareness about light’s important role in the modern world. Also Available Online This Taylor & Francis encyclopedia is also available through online subscription, offering a variety of extra benefits for researchers, students, and librarians, including: Citation tracking and alerts Active reference linking Saved searches and marked lists HTML and PDF format options Contact Taylor and Francis for more information or to inquire about subscription options and print/online combination packages. US: (Tel) 1.888.318.2367; (E-mail) [email protected] International: (Tel) +44 (0) 20 7017 6062; (E-mail) [email protected]

How did the Christian Church originate, what journeys has it taken over two millennia, and how did it come to exist in its present, myriad forms? The answers to these questions form a tapestry of history that reaches from first century Palestine to the ends of the earth. This volume tells this rich story from an ecumenical perspective, drawing on both Eastern and Western historic sources in exploring the rise of Eastern Orthodoxy; the church across Asia, Africa, and the Americas; and the reformations of the Western Church; including the diversity of contemporary voices. The work benefits from many pedagogical features: - boxed text sections identifying central figures and points of debate - study questions for each chapter - chapter summaries - maps --charts --index Supplemented by over 400 illustrations, this book embraces the universality of historic and current Christianity, creating a single and comprehensive volume for students of Church history and systematic theology.

The Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences provides a comprehensive, definitive, and up to date reference of the main areas of specialist and expert knowledge and skills used by those involved in all aspects of the forensic process, including, but not limited to forensic scientists, doctors, practicing and academic lawyers, para-legals, police, crime scene investigators, analytical chemists, toxicologists, etc. The Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences covers all areas of specialist and expert knowledge and skill which, either as part of an established forensic discipline or as a potentially useful emerging discipline, are of interest to those involved in the forensic process. This includes both the scientific methodology and the admissibility of evidence. The encyclopedia also includes case studies of landmark cases in the definition and practice of forensic science. The Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences presents all material on a level and in a style that makes it accessible to a wide range of readers. Lawyers will be able to understand the science behind scientific evidence, scientists will understand the legal aspects, physical scientists will have access to biological and social sciences aspects and vice versa.