Relationship Between The Monophasic Action Potential And Transmembrane Action Potential

Over the last two decades monophasic action potential (MAP) recording has matured into a technique that provides a link between basic and clinical electrophysiology. International experts present exciting data on MAP recording techniques, the mechanism and interpretation of MAPs, and novel aspects of repolarization-related arrhythmias.

MAPs have undergone a fascinating history, beginning with injury potentials in 1883, and undergoing a remarkable renaissance over the last 30 years in many areas of electrophysiology research, both basic and clinical. Since 1986, the contact electrode technique has provided a unique means to test basic research concepts in the intact or in vivo human heart. Even so, observations in clincal elctrophysiology still warrant further exploration in basic science. Scientific experts in the field have contributed to this volume their latest data on myocardial repolarization and the many factors that modulate normal and abnormal repolorization, to the benefit of electrophysiologists, cardiologists, clinicians as well as pharmaceutical researchers involved in the development of aniarrhythmic drugs. By concentrating on the electrical activity of the in situ heart, this timely and informative reference brings to light information that cannot be obtained by any other means.

An action potential (or nerve impulse) is a transient alteration of the transmembrane voltage (or membrane potential) across an excitable membrane in an excitable cell (such as a neuron or myocyte) generated by the activity of voltage-gated ion channels embedded in the membrane. The best known action potentials are pulse-like waves of voltage that travel along the axons of neurons. This book reviews research on action potential including an overview of the role of specialised axonal excitability techniques in understanding the consequences of abnormal membrane excitability; the physiological implications of action potential in characean cells; and action potential production and the ion channel dependent process and others.

The goal of this book is to provide an integrated overview of some intriguing problems of cardiac electrophysiology. Topics have been selected that encompass mainly aspects which have been a matter of concern and interest in our Department over the past few years. We requested from the authors not only that they provide information about their own investiga tions, but also that they integrate their results with those published by oth ers. Furthermore, we urged them to be speculative in their interpretations in order to encourage exploration of related areas of investigation. To this end, the authors have presented their ,contributions in sufficient detail so that the information may not only educate the reader but also encourage and chal lenge him. It is through the concept of total integration -from in vitro to in vivo, from animal to man, from the pure scientist to the clinician -that we hope to advance our understanding of cardiac electrophysiology. The book brings together scientific work in which important advances have been made in the seventies, and in which even more substantial pro gress is likely to be made in the present decade. The chapters have been written by investigators who are authorities in the relevant scientific field. No attempt at summarizing has been made as this may not seldom lead to oversimplification, a risk that we do not dare take. The table of contents and list of contributors are, in this regard, self-explanatory.

To accomplish these objectives, the book is Body surface electrocardiographic mapping is not a new technique. It is one initially de divided into five sections. In Part I, the deve veloped many decades ago, but it has only lopment of electrocardiographic leads as well as recently matured into a powerful tool for surface mapping is viewed from an historical studying the cardiac electrical field. This book perspective. This is followed in Part II by a is intended to review, both critically and in review of the fundamental physiologic and detail, the applications of this unique method biophysical principles of electrocardiography in both clinical and experimental environments. and a discussion of basic mapping techniques. A comprehensive description of reported re Applications of these methods to the normal sults is, however, only a first goal. An equally and the abnormal heart are then presented in important objective is to explore the elec Parts III and IV, respectively. Finally, the trophysiologic and biophysical bases for the work concludes (Part V) with a consideration empirically observed electrocardiographic pat of possible future directions that body surface terns. It is only after considering these basic mapping may follow. The final result is, hope foundations that the values and the limitations fully, a thorough statement defining the cur of any electrocardiographic method can be rent s~atus of body surface electrocardiographic understood. This is particularly true for body mappmg.

A multi-disciplinary look at the current state of knowledge regarding motor control and movement—from molecular biology to robotics The last two decades have seen a dramatic increase in the number of sophisticated tools and methodologies for exploring motor control and movement. Multi-unit recordings, molecular neurogenetics, computer simulation, and new scientific approaches for studying how muscles and body anatomy transform motor neuron activity into movement have helped revolutionize the field. Neurobiology of Motor Control brings together contributions from an interdisciplinary group of experts to provide a review of the current state of knowledge about the initiation and execution of movement, as well as the latest methods and tools for investigating them. The book ranges from the findings of basic scientists studying model organisms such as mollusks and Drosophila, to biomedical researchers investigating vertebrate motor production to neuroengineers working to develop robotic and smart prostheses technologies. Following foundational chapters on current molecular biological techniques, neuronal ensemble recording, and computer simulation, it explores a broad range of related topics, including the evolution of motor systems, directed targeted movements, plasticity and learning, and robotics. Explores motor control and movement in a wide variety of organisms, from simple invertebrates to human beings Offers concise summaries of motor control systems across a variety of animals and movement types Explores an array of tools and methodologies, including electrophysiological techniques, neurogenic and molecular techniques, large ensemble recordings, and computational methods Considers unresolved questions and how current scientific advances may be used to solve them going forward Written specifically to encourage interdisciplinary understanding and collaboration, and offering the most wide-ranging, timely, and comprehensive look at the science of motor control and movement currently available, Neurobiology of Motor Control is a must-read for all who study movement production and the neurobiological basis of movement—from molecular biologists to roboticists.

Provides an in-depth study of the theoretical and engineering principles behind the methods and technologies used to solve problems in experimental and clinical cardiac electrophysiology. Each chapter gives an extensive description of the principles underlying a simple method or technology and illustrates how it can be applied to solve problems in