Studying The Effect Of A Preformed Protein Corona Around Gold Nanoparticles Used For Immunoassays

Nanoparticles have numerous biomedical applications including drug delivery, bone implants and imaging. A protein corona is formed when proteins existing in a biological system cover the nanoparticle surface. The formation of a nanoparticle–protein corona, changes the behaviour of the nanoparticle, resulting in new biological characteristics and influencing the circulation lifetime, accumulation, toxicity, cellular uptake and agglomeration. This book provides a detailed understanding of nanoparticle–protein corona formation, its biological significance and the factors that govern the formation of coronas. It also explains the impact of nanoparticle–protein interactions on biological assays, ecotoxicity studies and proteomics research. It will be of interest to researchers studying the application of nanoparticles as well as toxicologists and pharmaceutical chemists.

The avidin-biotin complex has been used for isolation (affinity chromatography), localization (affinity cytochemistry, cell cytometry, and blotting technology), and diagnostics (immunoassay, histopathology, and gene probes). Recently, usage of the system has been extended to include other areas. This volume covers these new applications and methodologies including hybridoma technology, bioaffinity sensors, affinity targeting, and drug delivery, as well as cross-linking, immobilization, and fusogenic studies.

Rapid tests, also known as point-of-care tests, have been in use for decades in the clinical and medical area and have become increasingly popular as an efficient screening method for conducting on-site analysis thanks to their simplicity, speed, specificity and sensitivity. Nowadays, rapid tests are widely applied for clinical, drug, food, forensic and environmental analysis and fields of application are rapidly increasing together with advances in the technology. The growing interest in rapid tests and their expanding application in diverse fields, together with requirements of improved sensitivity, reliability, multiple detection capacity and robustness, are prompting innovation in the design of novel platforms, and in the exploitation of innovative detection strategies. The book covers advances in materials, technology and test design.

This timely, one-stop reference is the first on an emerging and interdisciplinary topic. Covering both established and recently developed ligation chemistries, the book is divided into two didactic parts: a section that focuses on the details of bioorthogonal and chemoselective ligation reactions at the level of fundamental organic chemistry, and a section that focuses on applications, particularly in the areas of chemical biology, biomaterials, and bioanalysis, highlighting the capabilities and benefits of the ligation reactions. With chapters authored by outstanding scientists who range from trailblazers in the field to young and emerging leaders, this book on a highly interdisciplinary topic will be of great interest for biochemists, biologists, materials scientists, pharmaceutical chemists, organic chemists, and many others.

In recent years, the fabrication of nanomaterials and exploration of their properties have attracted the attention of various scientific disciplines such as biology, physics, chemistry, and engineering. Although nanoparticulate systems are of significant interest in various scientific and technological areas, there is little known about the safety of these nanoscale objects. It has now been established that the surfaces of nanoparticles are immediately covered by biomolecules (e.g. proteins, ions, and enzymes) upon their entrance into a biological medium. This interaction with the biological medium modulates the surface of the nanoparticles, conferring a “biological identity” to their surfaces (referred to as a “corona”), which determines the subsequent cellular/tissue responses. The new interface between the nanoparticles and the biological medium/proteins, called “bio-nano interface,” has been very rarely studied in detail to date, though the interest in this topic is rapidly growing. In this book, the importance of the physiochemical characteristics of nanoparticles for the properties of the protein corona is discussed in detail, followed by comprehensive descriptions of the methods for assessing the protein-nanoparticle interactions. The advantages and limitations of available corona evaluation methods (e.g. spectroscopy methods, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, and differential centrifugal sedimentation) are examined in detail, followed by a discussion of the possibilities for enhancing the current methods and a call for new techniques. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of protein-nanoparticle interaction phenomena are explored and discussed, with a focus on the biological impacts.

Offering the latest information in magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) research, this book builds upon the success of the first volume and provides an updated and comprehensive review, from synthesis, characterization, and biofunctionalization to clinical applications of MNPs, including the diagnosis and treatment of cancers. The book captures some of emerging research area which was not available in the first volume. Good Manufacturing Practices and Commercialization of MNPs are also included. This volume, also written by some of the most qualified experts in the field, incorporates new developments in the literature, and continues to bridge the gaps between the different areas in this field.

Nanotechnology in Diagnosis, Treatment and Prophylaxis of Infectious Diseases delivers comprehensive coverage of the application of nanotechnology to pressing problems in infectious disease. This text equips readers with cutting-edge knowledge of promising developments and future prospects in nanotechnology, paying special attention to microbes that are now resistant to conventional antibiotics, a concerning problem in modern medicine. Readers will find a thorough discussion of this new approach to infectious disease treatment, including the reasons nanotechnology presents a promising avenue for the diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of infectious diseases. Provides a comprehensive overview of the use of nanotechnology in the treatment and diagnosis of infectious diseases Covers all common types of infective agents, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, along with their vectors, ticks, mosquitoes, flies, etc. Delivers commentary from an international researcher base, providing insights across differing economic statuses Includes a foundation of basic nanotechnological concepts to aid in designing new strategies to combat several pathogenic diseases and cancer Illustrates the high antimicrobial potential of nanoparticles, ultimately demonstrating how they are a promising alternative class that can be successfully used in fighting a myriad of infections