Taxation Of Individual Retirement Accounts 2021

Taxation of Individual Retirement Accounts comprehensively analyzes all the tax laws applicable to individual retirement accounts. The book is divided into three parts. The first part of the book discusses the 16 different types of IRAs, including the two most recent types authorized by the tax laws: the deemed IRA and the myIRA. The second part discusses the various areas of tax law relating to the operation and administration of an IRA. There is a separate chapter on each area of the tax law. The third part of the book deals with taxation of distributions from an IRA, including premature distributions, minimum distributions during lifetime and after death, withholding taxes, and estate taxes. It also deals with the tax rules applicable to the different types of beneficiaries receiving distributions from an IRA, including foreign beneficiaries, charitable beneficiaries, trust beneficiaries, estate beneficiaries, spouse and nonspouse beneficiaries, and individual and non-individual beneficiaries.

This annual publication provides details of taxes paid on wages in OECD countries. It covers personal income taxes and social security contributions paid by employees, social security contributions and payroll taxes paid by employers, and cash benefits received by workers. Taxing Wages 2021 includes a special feature entitled: “Impact of COVID-19 on the Tax Wedge in OECD Countries”.

Chile’s pension system came under close scrutiny in recent years. This paper takes stock of the adequacy of the system and highlights its challenges. Chile’s defined contribution system was quite influential when introduced, and was taken as an example by other countries. However, it is now delivering low replacement rates relative to OECD peers, as its parameters did not adapt over time to changing demographics and global returns, while informality persists in the labor market. In the absence of reforms, the system’s inability to deliver adequate outcomes for a large share of participants will continue to magnify, as demographic trends and low global interest rates will continue to reduce replacement rates. In addition, recent legislation allowing for pension savings withdrawals to counter the effects from the COVID-19 pandemic, is projected to further reduce replacement rates and increase fiscal costs. A substantial improvement in replacement rates is feasible, via a reform that raises contribution rates and the retirement age, coupled with policies that increases workers’ contribution density.