The Chemical Muse

"The last wild frontier of classical studies." ---The Times (UK) The Chemical Muse uncovers decades of misdirection and obfuscation to reveal the history of widespread drug use in Ancient Rome and Greece. In the city-states that gave birth to Western civilization, drugs were an everyday element of a free society. Often they were not just available, but vitally necessary for use in medicine, religious ceremonies, and war campaigns. Their proponents and users existed in all classes, from the common soldier to the emperor himself. Citing examples in myths, medicine, and literature, D. C. A. Hillman shows how drugs have influenced and inspired the artists, philosophers, and even politicians whose ideas have formed the basis for civilization as we know it. Many of these ancient texts may seem well-known, but Hillman shows how timid, prudish translations have left scholars and readers in the dark about the reality of drug use in the Classical world. Hillman's argument is not simply "pro-drug." Instead, he appeals for an intellectual honesty that acknowledges the use of drugs in ancient societies despite today's conflicting social mores. In the modern world, where academia and university life are often politically charged, The Chemical Muse offers a unique and long overdue perspective on the contentious topic of drug use and the freedom of thought.

Representations of forensic procedures saturate popular culture in both fiction and true crime. One of the most striking forensic tools used in these narratives is the chemical luminol, so named because it glows an eerie greenish-blue when it comes into contact with the tiniest drops of human blood.Luminol is a deeply ambivalent object: it is both a tool of the police, historically abused and misappropriated, and yet it offers hope to families of victims by allowing hidden crimes to surface. Forensic enquiry can exonerate those falsely accused of crimes, and yet the rise of forensic science is synonymous with the development of the deeply racist 'science' of eugenics.Luminol Theory investigates the possibility of using a tool of the state in subversive, or radical, ways. By introducing luminol as an agent of forensic inquiry, Luminol Theory approaches the exploratory stages that a crime scene investigation might take, exploring experimental literature as though these texts were 'crime scenes' in order to discover what this deeply strange object can tell us about crime, death, and history, to make visible violent crimes, and to offer a tangible encounter with death and finitude. At the luminol-drenched crime scene, flashes of illumination throw up words, sentences, and fragments that offer luminous, strange glimpses, bobbing up from below their polished surfaces. When luminol shines its light, it reveals, it is magical, it is prescient, and it has a nasty allure.TABLE OF CONTENTS // Preface: Christmas, Colorado, 1996 - Section I. Queer Light: Forensics, Psychoanalysis, Hermeneutics - Section II. The Abject Parlour: Polyester Gothic, Traces at the Scene, Christmas in Colorado - Section III. Deadly Landscapes: The Shining, Colorado Histories, The Locus Terriblis - Conclusion: Necrolight, Luminol

Richard M. Price asks why, among all the ominous technologies of weaponry throughout the history of warfare, chemical weapons carry a special moral stigma. Something more seems to be at work than the predictable resistance people have expressed to any new weaponry, from the crossbow to nuclear bombs. Perceptions of chemical warfare as particularly abhorrent have been successfully institutionalized in international proscriptions and, Price suggests, understanding the sources of this success might shed light on other efforts at arms control.To explore the origins and meaning of the chemical weapons taboo, Price presents a series of case studies from World War I through the Gulf War of 1990–1991. He traces the moral arguments against gas warfare from the Hague Conferences at the turn of the century through negotiations for the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993. From the Italian invasion of Ethiopia to the war between Iran and Iraq, chemical weapons have been condemned as the "poor man's bomb." Drawing upon insights from Michel Foucault to explain the role of moral norms in an international arena rarely sensitive to such pressures, he focuses on the construction of and mutations in the refusal to condone chemical weapons.

In Chemical Heroes Andrew Bickford analyzes the US military's attempts to design performance enhancement technologies and create pharmacological "supersoldiers" capable of withstanding extreme trauma. Bickford traces the deep history of efforts to biologically fortify and extend the health and lethal power of soldiers from the Cold War era into the twenty-first century, from early adoptions of mandatory immunizations to bio-protective gear, to the development and spread of new performance enhancing drugs during the global War on Terrorism. In his examination of government efforts to alter soldiers' bodies through new technologies, Bickford invites us to contemplate what constitutes heroism when armor becomes built in, wired in, and even edited into the molecular being of an American soldier. Lurking in the background and dark recesses of all US military enhancement research, Bickford demonstrates, is the desire to preserve US military and imperial power.

A vivid analysis of the history and revival of clinical psychedelic science Psychedelic drugs are making a comeback. In the mid-twentieth century, scientists actively studied the potential of drugs like LSD and psilocybin for treating mental health problems. After a decades-long hiatus, researchers are once again testing how effective these drugs are in relieving symptoms for a wide variety of psychiatric conditions, from depression and obsessive–compulsive disorder to posttraumatic stress disorder and substance addiction. In Acid Revival, Danielle Giffort examines how this new generation of researchers and their allies are working to rehabilitate psychedelic drugs and to usher in a new era of psychedelic medicine. As this team of researchers and mental health professionals revive the field of psychedelic science, they are haunted by the past and by one person in particular: psychedelic evangelist Timothy Leary. Drawing on extensive archival research and interviews with people working on scientific psychedelia, Giffort shows how today’s researchers tell stories about Leary as an “impure” scientist and perform his antithesis to address a series of lingering dilemmas that threaten to rupture their budding legitimacy. Acid Revival presents new information about the so-called psychedelic renaissance and highlights the cultural work involved with the reassembly of dormant areas of medical science. This colorful and accessible history of the rise, fall, and reemergence of psychedelic medicine is infused with intriguing narratives and personalities—a story for popular science aficionados as well as for scholars of the history of science and medicine.

People have always been attracted to foods rich in calories, fat, and protein; yet the biblical admonition that meat be eaten "with bitter herbs" suggests that unpalatable plants play an important role in our diet. So-called primitive peoples show a surprisingly sophisticated understanding of how their bodies interact with plant chemicals, which may allow us to rediscover the origins of diet by retracing the paths of biology and culture. The domestication of the potato serves as the focus of Timothy Johns's interdisciplinary study, which forges a bold synthesis of ethnobotany and chemical ecology. The Aymara of highland Bolivia have long used varieties of potato containing potentially toxic levels of glycoalkaloids, and Johns proposes that such plants can be eaten without harm owing to human genetic modification and cultural manipulation. Drawing on additional fieldwork in Africa, he considers the evolution of the human use of plants, the ways in which humans obtain foods from among the myriad poisonous and unpalatable plants in the environment, and the consequences of this history for understanding the basis of the human diet. A natural corollary to his investigation is the origin of medicine, since the properties of plants that make them unpalatable and toxic are the same properties that make them useful pharmacologically. As our species has adapted to the use of plants, plants have become an essential part of our internal ecology. Recovering the ancient wisdom regarding our interaction with the environment preserves a fundamental part of our human heritage.

The advent of poison gas in World War I shocked Britons at all levels of society, yet by the end of the conflict their nation was a leader in chemical warfare. Although never used on the home front, poison gas affected almost every segment of British society physically, mentally, or emotionally, proving to be an armament of total war. Through cartoons, military records, novels, treaties, and other sources, Marion Girard examines the varied ways different sectors of British society viewed chemical warfare, from the industrialists who promoted their toxic weapons while maintaining private control of production,øto the politicians who used gas while balancing the need for victory with the risk of developing a reputation for barbarity. Although most Britons considered gas a vile weapon and a symptom of the enemy?s inhumanity, many eventually condoned its use. ø The public debates about the future of gas extended to the interwar years, and evidence reveals that the taboo against poison gas was far from inevitable. A Strange and Formidable Weapon uncovers the complicated history of this weapon of total war and illustrates the widening involvement of society in warfare.

ORIGINAL SIN is an investigation of sacred Christian mysteries of antiquity to show the historic link between the use of drugs and ritualized sex embedded in Western religion. ORIGINAL SIN is an investigation of the first acts of pedophilia within the Christian church. It is a book about the promotion and defense of child rape as a sacred Christian mystery. The West’s most venerated social, religious and political ideals stem from a cultural war waged against the human body. ORIGINAL SIN reveals the origin of this war. Using the influence of the first Christian Emperors, and the “moral authority” of their political organization, powerful bishops of the early Church promoted the performance of sacred “mysteries” in which young children were starved, drugged, and sodomized. In ceremonies meant to test their “purity", exorcist priests victimized young children from the ranks of the orphans and homeless who populated the large cities of the ancient world. ORIGINAL SIN focuses on the writings of Christian priests themselves and the pagans who condemned their immoral activities. It shows that Church actively promoted and defended the rape of children, and that such crimes were present from the very earliest days of Christianity. ORIGINAL SIN draws from ancient internal documents, written by venerated church leaders - written in Latin - who actively promoted the rape and molestation of children. Bishops, monks and priests of the early Church successfully defended themselves from legal prosecution for centuries. As the Roman public railed on priests for sexually exploiting children, the church leadership used its growing political influence to prevent any of the child rapists within the clergy from coming to justice. ORIGINAL SIN also traces the divine feminine voice through Western history. The potent combination of natural drugs and the feminine voice is the basis for western civilization. ORIGINAL SIN explores the foundation of western society as the product of a peculiar interaction chemical and biological forces The pagan world was aware of the sexual crimes committed against these orphans, and waged a lengthy campaign against the priests who perpetrated these rapes. Christian priests claimed that by sodomizing children, they were saving them from possession by the demons of the pagan religions. Christian theologians justified these acts of rape by pointing to some of the earliest writings of the apostles and even the acts of Jesus himself. Exorcist priests specifically victimized young children from the ranks of the orphans and homeless who populated the large cities of the ancient world. The pagan world was aware of the sexual crimes committed against these orphans, and waged a lengthy campaign against the priests who perpetrated these rapes. The Christian hierarchy claimed these children were being “sexually tested” in order to prevent them from being used in pagan rituals that required the same children to remain sexually inexperienced. Christian priests claimed that by sodomizing children, they were saving them from possession by the demons of the pagan religions. Christian theologians justified these acts of rape by pointing to some of the earliest writings of the apostles and even the acts of Jesus himself. In the early church, groups of Christians in Asia Minor even formed their own associations that claimed the performance of such acts was a means of assuring the salvation of both the victims and the perpetrators. The potent combination of natural drugs and the feminine voice is the basis for western civilization. ORIGINAL SIN explores the foundation of western society as the product of a peculiar interaction chemical and biological forces. Some early church fathers believed Jesus had several relationships with young boys. Prominent church leaders argued that the apostle Mark was aware of this when he wrote in his gospel that Jesus was arrested in the garden of Gethsemane in the presence of a naked teenage boy. -------- Note: The material in Hillman's first book, CHEMICAL MUSE, and here in ORIGINAL SIN was part of His dissertation research. While they could find no flaws in the work, his dissertation committee was so outraged by the material that Hillman found in the ancient texts - written in Latin, which he reads fluently - that they refused to pass the dissertation or award the doctorate unless he deleted the material. He did so and published the material about the used of psilocybin mushrooms and the emergence of Western Civilization. ORIGINAL SIN reveals more of the forbidden information that Dr. Hillman was uncovered. Because of this work, Dr. Hillman has been "black balled" from academic classics - even though CHEMICAL MUSE has been widely acclaimed. He now teaches Latin in a private girls' school to inch out a living to support his wife and two children. What one author said about Hillman's discoveries and his expulsion from Classics. “The role of psychoactive drugs has been airbrushed out of the conventional picture of Western civilization. The academics who have created this drug-free Greco-Roman world have found their nemesis in Dr. Hillman’s The Chemical Muse. With clarity and directness the author gives us back a lost chapter of our Classical heritage and by doing so restores our understanding of this past.”—Richard Rudgley, author of Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age