The Electroencephalogram

Neurological, neurovegetative, and psychic changes following surgery or in tensive care indicate alterations in cerebral function. When these changes are analyzed exactly, they are found to be by no means rare; at the same time, they present a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. While optimal circulatory monitoring - including continuous EEG recording during anes thesia or intensive care - is today regarded as routine, the problem of objec tive and continuous monitoring of cerebral function under various forms of anesthesia, surgery, and intensive care has not been solved. Considerable improvements in clinical neurophysiology, mainly through visual and spectral analytic evaluations of the EEG, show func tional neurophysiological changes to be equivalent to, or the cause of, clinical, neurological, and psychic changes. The question of current interest, therefore, is whether anesthesiological EEG monitoring is able, both theo retically and practically, to detect and adequately interpret cerebral altera tions following perioperative measures such that these alterations can be treated or avoided accordingly. In the long run, the basic questions are to what extent can anesthesiological measures be guided by the EEG pattern and managed effectively, and can EEG analysis be significant both for the individual patient and in the general interpretation of the effect of anes thesiological procedures? Questions of the relevance and practicability of anesthesiological EEG monitoring are dealt with in this book. This study is based on an analysis of more than 1500 EEGs of patients who underwent anesthesia during surgery.

Why consult encyclopedic references when you only need the essentials? Practical Approach to Electroencephalography, by Mark H. Libenson, MD, equips you with just the right amount of guidance you need for obtaining optimal EEG results! It presents a thorough but readable guide to EEGs, explaining what to do, what not to do, what to look for, and how to interpret the results. It also goes beyond the technical aspects of performing EEGs by providing case studies of the neurologic disorders and conditions in which EEGs are used, making this an excellent learning tool. Abundant EEG examples throughout help you to recognize normal and abnormal EEGs in all situations. Presents enough detail and answers to questions and problems encountered by the beginner and the non-expert. Uses abundant EEG examples to help you recognize normal and abnormal EEGs in all situations. Provides expert pearls from Dr. Libenson that guide you in best practices in EEG testing. Features a user-friendly writing style from a single author that makes learning easy. Examines the performance of EEGs—along with the disorders for which they’re performed—for a resource that considers the patient and not just the technical aspects of EEGs. Includes discussions of various disease entities, like epilepsy, in which EEGs are used, as well as other special issues, to equip you to handle more cases.

Although the electroencephalogram - discovered more than a century ago - has been used for years as a non-invasive diagnostic tool, it is still poorly understood. In this book, John Barlow describes an ingenious new hypothesis for a comprehensive model of the EEG that is able to emulate a large variety of known EEG patterns with few variables.In contrast to previous hypotheses and models which have treated only selected EEG patterns (rhythmic activity such as alpha activity and sleep spindles seen largely as "filtered noise," or irregular activity, or certain types of epileptiform activity such as spikes) this approach, which is based on an oscillator with two separate input modulations of the extremes and the slopes of waves, covers all types of EEG patterns, and stems from specific features of the EEG itself rather than from arbitrary signals.Barlow describes the hypothesis in detail, then tests predictions for normal and abnormal EEGs with the aid of a hardware model and with specially developed methods of analysis. The hypothesis is further evaluated in the light of extensive reviews of other EEG models and methods of analysis and of the underlying anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of cerebral electrical activity. A technological section details the hardware model and the methodology for testing the hypothesis. Appendixes present some new approaches to traditional methods of EEG analysis and artifact minimization, areas in which Barlow has achieved international recognition.John S. Barlow, M.D., is a Neurophysiologist in the Neurology Service at Massachusetts General Hospital, Senior Research Associate in Neurology (Neurophysiology) at Harvard Medical School, and a Research Affiliate in the Research Laboratory of Electronics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

EEG and Evoked Potentials in Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurology discusses the two techniques of examining brain function: electroencephalography (EEG) and evoked potentials. The book also addresses conditions that fall under the umbrella term ""behavioral sciences"" and are associated with psychiatry and neurology. The book begins by discussing current definitions of organic brain syndrome in order to delineate more clearly the processes whose EEG correlates are to be described. It then outlines the various EEG correlates of impaired central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction for a variety of specific organic etiologies. Separate chapters cover EEG studies of schizophrenia, affective disorders, alcoholism, mental retardation, childhood psychiatric disorders, and changes in CNS function caused by psychtropic drugs. The various aspects of EEG pertinent to electroconvulsive therapy are also discussed, including the role of a baseline EEG, beneficial and adverse changes, neurophysiologic mechanisms, and the nature of the seizures themselves. This book is intended for the neurologist dealing actively with psychiatric or mental disorders; the electroencephalographer who is generally concerned with behavioral neurology or especially interested in various controversial EEG patterns; and the psychiatrist interested in organicity in general or EEG in particular.

Brain Seizure Detection and Classification Using Electroencephalographic Signals presents EEG signal processing and analysis with high performance feature extraction. The book covers the feature selection method based on One-way ANOVA, along with high performance machine learning classifiers for the classification of EEG signals in normal and epileptic EEG signals. In addition, the authors also present new methods of feature extraction, including Singular Spectrum-Empirical Wavelet Transform (SSEWT) for improved classification of seizures in significant seizure-types, specifically epileptic and Non-Epileptic Seizures (NES). The performance of the system is compared with existing methods of feature extraction using Wavelet Transform (WT) and Empirical Wavelet Transform (EWT). The book's objective is to analyze the EEG signals to observe abnormalities of brain activities called epileptic seizure. Seizure is a neurological disorder in which too many neurons are excited at the same time and are triggered by brain injury or by chemical imbalance. Presents EEG signal processing and analysis concepts with high performance feature extraction Discusses recent trends in seizure detection, prediction and classification methodologies Helps classify epileptic and non-epileptic seizures where misdiagnosis may lead to the unnecessary use of antiepileptic medication Provides new guidance and technical discussions on feature-extraction methods and feature selection methods based on One-way ANOVA, along with high performance machine learning classifiers for classification of EEG signals in normal and epileptic EEG signals, and new methods of feature extraction developed by the authors, including Singular Spectrum-Empirical Wavelet

Designing EEG Experiments for Studying the Brain: Design Code and Example Datasets details the design of various brain experiments using electroencephalogram (EEG). Providing guidelines for designing an EEG experiment, it is primarily for researchers who want to venture into this field by designing their own experiments as well as those who are excited about neuroscience and want to explore various applications related to the brain. The first chapter describes how to design an EEG experiment and details the various parameters that should be considered for success, while remaining chapters provide experiment design for a number of neurological applications, both clinical and behavioral. As each chapter is accompanied with experiment design codes and example datasets, those interested can quickly design their own experiments or use the current design for their own purposes. Helpful appendices provide various forms for one’s experiment including recruitment forms, feedback forms, ethics forms, and recommendations for related hardware equipment and software for data acquisition, processing, and analysis. Written to assist neuroscientists in experiment designs using EEG Presents a step-by-step approach to designing both clinical and behavioral EEG experiments Includes experiment design codes and example datasets Provides inclusion and exclusion criteria to help correctly identify experiment subjects and the minimum number of samples Includes appendices that provide recruitment forms, ethics forms, and various subjective tests associated with each of the chapters

This book describes the developments and improvements in electroencephalography (EEG). In recent years, digital technology has replaced analog equipments, and it is now possible to easily record and store EEG tracings and to quickly recall previously acquired material for subsequent analysis. In addition, not only static figures, but also electronic supplementary materials can be included in books, enabling EEGs to be viewed in real-time. In clinical practice, EEG still represents the most important functional examination in the study CNS development and its anatomical and physiological integrity throughout life. In the pathological context, EEG provides indispensable diagnostic information for classification of epileptic syndromes, and it is also valuable in all the other CNS diseases (infectious, cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative, etc). Furthermore, monitoring EEG can be widely used in emergency settings, such as emergency departments or intensive care units. In comatose patients, EEG provides information regarding prognosis and evaluation of the sedative effect of anesthetic drugs. Written by a group of leading national and international experts, it offers a substantial, yet practical, EEG compendium, which serves as a reference resource for physicians and neurodiagnostic technologists as well as physicians-in-training, researchers, practicing electroencephalographers and students.

Animal Electroencephalography focuses on the use of electroencephalography (EEG) in studying brain electric activity. The manuscript first underscores the physiologic bases of EEG and the characteristics and usage of electrodes. Discussions focus on basic elements of nerve cell function, general nature of EEG, implantation of intracerebral electrodes, and affixing surface electrodes. The text then examines noise or artifact, electronic recording systems, and interpretation and analysis of EEG. Electronic principles of special relevance, electrode configurations, and electroencephalographs are discussed. The book takes a look at EEG correlates of physiologic and pathologic changes, as well as maturation of EEG, behavioral correlates, and internal influences. Experimentally produced brain diseases and naturally occurring brain diseases are also elaborated. The manuscript is a valuable reference for readers interested in electroencephalography.