The Losing Parties

This text examines how the American Democratic and Republican parties have responded to presidential election defeats between 1956 to 1993. Drawing on party documents, interviews with party officials and contemporary accounts, it provides case studies of opposition party politics.

Why have dominant parties persisted in power for decades in countries spread across the globe? Why did most eventually lose? Why Dominant Parties Lose develops a theory of single-party dominance, its durability, and its breakdown into fully competitive democracy. Greene shows that dominant parties turn public resources into patronage goods to bias electoral competition in their favor and virtually win elections before election day without resorting to electoral fraud or bone-crushing repression. Opposition parties fail because their resource disadvantages force them to form as niche parties with appeals that are out of step with the average voter. When the political economy of dominance erodes, the partisan playing field becomes fairer and opposition parties can expand into catchall competitors that threaten the dominant party at the polls. Greene uses this argument to show why Mexico transformed from a dominant party authoritarian regime under PRI rule to a fully competitive democracy.

How do Democratic and Republican party leaders react after their party has lost a presidential election? Is there a pattern of response to defeat that reflects the distinctive cultures of the two parties? This book answers these questions by examining how the two national party organizations have responded to presidential election defeats between 1956 and 1993. Drawing on party documents, interviews with party officials, and contemporary accounts, Philip Klinkner provides detailed case studies of opposition party politics. He shows that Republican national committees have reacted to losses by making organizational changes to improve campaign technology and fundraising and that losing Democrats have sought to refine or make more democratic their internal procedures for selecting delegates to the national convention or for choosing presidential candidates. Klinkner suggests that the reasons for these reactions stem from the historical development of the parties. The organizational response of the Republican party is the result of its long-term relationship with business, its homogeneity and hierarchical structure, and its minority party experience. The Democrats' emphasis on participation and representation for its constituent elements is based on its characteristic composition of social and economic out-groups, its heterogeneity and decentralization, and its tradition as the majority party.

Supervision in the Hospitality Industry, Ninth Edition, is a comprehensive primer designed for beginning leaders, new supervisors promoted from an hourly job, and students planning for careers in the hospitality industry. Covering each essential aspect of first-line supervision, this market-leading textbook helps readers develop the practical skills and knowledge necessary for effectively supervising hospitality workers at all levels of an organization, including cooks, servers, bartenders, front desk clerks, porters, housekeepers, and janitorial staff. Topics include planning and organizing, communication, recruitment and team building, employee training, performance effectiveness, conflict management, and more. The text's unique approach to leading human resources — combining fundamental leadership theory and the firsthand expertise of hospital industry professionals — enables readers to master concrete, results-driven leadership methods and overcome the everyday challenges faced in the real world. Principles of good leadership and supervision are presented in clear, easy-to-understand language and are reinforced by numerous examples, case studies, discussion questions, and activities. The ninth edition of Supervision in the Hospitality Industry remains the ideal text for students and practitioners alike, delivering a basic yet comprehensive knowledge of the different elements of the supervisor's job while helping develop the leadership qualities needed to succeed as a hospitality professional.

Key party goals serve to advance a policy brand and maximize seats in the legislature. This book offers a theory of how political parties assign their elected members — their "personnel" — to specialized legislative committees to serve collective organizational goals, here known as "party personnel strategies". Individual party members vary in their personal attributes, such as prior occupation, gender, and local experience. Parties seek to harness the attributes of their members by assigning them to committees where their expertise is relevant, and where they may enhance the party's policy brand. However, under some electoral systems, parties may need to trade-off the harnessing of expertise against the pursuit of seats, instead matching legislators according to electoral situation (e.g. marginality of seat) or characteristics of their constituency (e.g. population density). This book offers an analysis of the extent to which parties trade these goals by matching the attributes of their personnel and their electoral needs to the functions of the available committee seats. The analysis is based on a dataset of around six thousand legislators across thirty-eight elections in six established parliamentary democracies with diverse electoral systems.

Commerce is inherently complex and the sums of money involved can be astronomical, so it is no surprise that conflicts and disputes are all too common. There are numerous techniques designed to resolve these problems, and this book summarizes the most important of these, as well as alternative dispute resolution methods. The reader seeking a deeper understanding of these procedures will also find clear explanations of the principles and methods for conflict management, such as negotiation, risk management, mediation and conciliation. As well as outlining these different techniques, guidance on which approach is appropriate in common situations is also given, helping the reader apply what they have learned to the real world. The significance of cultural issues is explained, before the reader is presented with suggestions for how to take these into account. Throughout, the book is illustrated with case studies from examples as diverse as Mumbai's DabbaWalla, The First World War and Terminal 5 at London Heathrow. Written with undergraduate students in mind, this book also serves to give a neat and brief overview for professionals. Those studying or working in commerce generally, construction project management, construction management, and construction law will find this to be an invaluable book.

IT Contracts and Dispute Management addresses the law relating to technology projects and the practical, procedural and legal issues which arise at each stage. The authors draw on extensive personal experience of successfully managing IT project disputes from their initial stage through to resolution through a range of dispute resolution mechanisms. Being the only published work in this area relating to English law, the book will be a valuable resource to lawyers acting in connection with procuring an IT project or advising clients on avoidance and resolution of IT project disputes.