The Rectum Its Diseases And Developmental Defects

Excerpt from The Rectum: Its Diseases and Developmental Defects A former work, The Rectum and Anus, their Diseases and Treatment, was published in 1887, and a second edition in 1894. It is now out of date and withdrawn from circulation. Instead of attempting to revise this work it appeared desirable to write a new book upon the same subject, but upon different lines. The course of Lane Lectures on Diseases of the Rectum, delivered at San Francisco in 1902, and the Erasmus Wilson Lectures on Adenoma and Adeno-carcinoma of the Rectum, delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons, England, in 1903, suggested to the Author that a work founded mainly upon these lectures might possibly prove to be more acceptable than an attempt to produce a bulky monograph on the subject. In order to carry out this idea, and at the same time to keep the work as concise as possible, it has been necessary to omit historical accounts of the evolution of modern treatment and the description of operations now obsolete, to avoid repetition of notes of cases of a similar kind; not to encumber it with a mass of more or less useless statistics, and while endeavouring to give full credit to others whose work is made use of, not to overweight the book with authorities. An endeavour has been made to make the illustrations a feature of the work. Except a few which are purely diagrammatic, they are all taken from actual cases or specimens; the plan largely adopted in obtaining those of clinical cases, the stages of operations, &c., was to have stereoscopic photographs taken, and from these half-tone drawings were made. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

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This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Essential Surgery is part of a nine volume series for Disease Control Priorities which focuses on health interventions intended to reduce morbidity and mortality. The Essential Surgery volume focuses on four key aspects including global financial responsibility, emergency procedures, essential services organization and cost analysis.

Three distinct types of contractions perform colonic motility functions. Rhythmic phasic contractions (RPCs) cause slow net distal propulsion with extensive mixing/turning over. Infrequently occurring giant migrating contractions (GMCs) produce mass movements. Tonic contractions aid RPCs in their motor function. The spatiotemporal patterns of these contractions differ markedly. The amplitude and distance of propagation of a GMC are several-fold larger than those of an RPC. The enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells are the core regulators of all three types of contractions. The regulation of contractions by these mechanisms is modifiable by extrinsic factors: CNS, autonomic neurons, hormones, inflammatory mediators, and stress mediators. Only the GMCs produce descending inhibition, which accommodates the large bolus being propelled without increasing muscle tone. The strong compression of the colon wall generates afferent signals that are below nociceptive threshold in healthy subjects. However, these signals become nociceptive; if the amplitudes of GMCs increase, afferent nerves become hypersensitive, or descending inhibition is impaired. The GMCs also provide the force for rapid propulsion of feces and descending inhibition to relax the internal anal sphincter during defecation. The dysregulation of GMCs is a major factor in colonic motility disorders: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and diverticular disease (DD). Frequent mass movements by GMCs cause diarrhea in diarrhea predominant IBS, IBD, and DD, while a decrease in the frequency of GMCs causes constipation. The GMCs generate the afferent signals for intermittent short-lived episodes of abdominal cramping in these disorders. Epigenetic dysregulation due to adverse events in early life is one of the major factors in generating the symptoms of IBS in adulthood.

A rich new examination of the cultural, social and self-representation of the woman surgeon in Britain from 1860 to 1918. This title is also available as Open Access.