The Report South Africa 2013

The Rainbow Nation benefits from an internationally competitive private sector, which accounts for roughly 70% of GDP, and extremely competitive infrastructure; its utility sector, for example, produces just under half of the total power generated on the African continent. South Africa represents by far the most developed market in Africa, but there are still some structural challenges it is grappling with. Government strategies have set a target of increasing labour market participation from 54% in 2010 to 65% by 2030, bringing the number of workers in the formal sector to 25.3m people and lowering unemployment from 25% to 6%. While its fiscal space is narrow, long-term investments in infrastructure, education and health are expected to be key to attaining its growth potential. Recent years have seen both the public and private sectors look to strengthen regulatory frameworks in mining and industry – in some cases, like the automotive sector, with impressive results.

Indeed, since the end of apartheid in 1994 South Africa has become a major diplomatic player both on the African continent as well as further afield. Despite the size of South Africa’s economy, the country currently faces a number of major economic challenges. As of the end of July 2014 the unemployment rate was at 25.5%, according to data from Statistics South Africa, which was among the highest in the world. While the government’s long-term development plans are generally highly regarded, delivery and execution has occasionally been problematic. While there are major hurdles that must be cleared, given the country’s strong institutions and the rapid pace of economic expansion over the past two decades, South Africa should be able to look forward to 20 more years of peace and steady, sustained economic growth.

This report evaluates South Africa's progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a focus on policies that provide incentives to protect South Africa's exceptionally rich biodiversity and promote more effective and efficient environmental management.

As the single most populous nation in Africa, Nigeria recently overtook South Africa as the largest economy on the continent. Natural resources, oil and gas in particular, comprise the country’s single largest revenue-earner but the 170m person economy also has seen significant activity in recent years into the industrial, financial, telecoms and – as of 2013 – power sectors. Hydrocarbons reserves have traditionally attracted the vast majority of domestic and foreign investment in Nigeria. Oil production capacity has remained at roughly 2.5m barrels per day (bpd) since the start of 2000, although output fell to 2.2m bpd on average in 2012. Still, the country has long operated below its true potential and government efforts in recent years have sought to increase local value addition, by boosting refining capacity and minimising theft and bunkering. The country’s banking sector has been through a significant shake-up as well, resulting in a far healthier and more robust financial industry, while reforms in the telecoms and agricultural sectors have strengthened medium-term prospects.

South Africans care a lot about crime. We think and worry about it, plan and insure against it, develop and share theories about it, read about it, and talk about it... a lot. But how much do we really know? Crime statistics do not belong to the government, academics, specialists, or the press. They are ours: we experience and report crimes and have a right to access and understand their official record. It should not take any particular expertise to get a grasp on what we should make of the figures and graphs that the South African Police Service produces every year. A Citizen's Guide to Crime Trends in South Africa provides a basis on which to understand the statistics in a manner that is accessible to everyone. Each chapter challenges a set of oft-repeated assumptions about how bad crime is, where it occurs, and who its victims are. It also demonstrates how and why crime statistics need to be matched with other forms of research, including criminal justice data, in order to produce a fuller account of what we are faced with.

The right to food is guaranteed in South Africa’s Constitution as it is in international law. Yet food insecurity remains widespread and persistent, at levels much higher than in countries with similar levels of per capita GDP and development, such as Brazil. In this book, leading local and international researchers on food security and related policy work have come together to create the first systematic and trans-disciplinary analysis of food security and its multiple dimensions in South Africa and the southern African region. Drawing on Amartya Sen’s entitlement theory to identify the key drivers of hunger, they see food insecurity as a chronic, structurally based condition rather than only resulting from natural environmental disasters, temporary economic shocks and household vulnerabilities. The authors focus on a range of policy options and choices to provide short-term and longer-term solutions to the systemic causes of unemployment, failing rural livelihoods and traditional subsistence production. They also emphasise the linkages between the social and economic dimensions of food insecurity and use an integrative, interdisciplinary approach to analyse the reasons why these conditions persist and what can be done to address them. Importantly the book brings together work undertaken at local and national levels in new ways so that policy-makers, researchers, human rights advocates and social and economic scholars are better able to make the links between macro- and micro-processes of development.

The 2015 Brookings Financial and Digital Inclusion Project (FDIP) Report and Scorecard evaluate access to and usage of affordable financial services across 21 geographically and economically diverse countries. The 2015 FDIP Report and Scorecard seek to answer a set of fundamental questions about today's global financial inclusion efforts, including: 1) Do country commitments make a difference in progress toward financial inclusion?; 2) To what extent do mobile and other digital technologies advance financial inclusion?; and 3) What legal, policy, and regulatory approaches promote financial inclusion? John D. Villasenor, Darrell M. West, and Robin J. Lewis analyzed the financial inclusion landscape in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Turkey, Uganda, and Zambia. Countries received scores and rankings based on 33 indicators spanning four dimensions: country commitment, mobile capacity, regulatory environment, and adoption of traditional and digital financial services. The authors' analysis provides several takeaways with respect to expanding financial inclusion across diverse cultural, economic, and political contexts: · Country commitment is fundamental. · Movement toward digital financial services will accelerate financial inclusion. · Geography generally matters less than policy, legal, and regulatory changes, although some regional trends in terms of financial services provision are evident. · Central banks, ministries of finance, ministries of communications, banks, nonbank financial providers, and mobile network operators play major roles in achieving greater financial inclusion. · Full financial inclusion cannot be achieved without addressing the financial inclusion gender gap. This year's Report and Scorecard are the first of a series of publications intended to provide policymakers, the private sector, nongovernmental organizations, and the general public with information that can help improve financial inclusion in these countries and around the world.

Public administration plays an integral role at every stage of social policy creation and execution. Program operators' management decisions shape policymakers' perceptions of what can and should be accomplished through social programs, while public administrators wield considerable power to mobilize tangible and intangible resources and fill gaps in policy designs. Furthermore, the cumulative effects of public administrators' daily activities directly influence outcomes for program participants, and may shift policy itself. Location also matters to social policy, as those same administrators are expected to innovate continuously in response to shifting local and national conditions, including changes in budgetary allocations, client needs and capacities, and public attitudes. This Handbook will aim to capture what is being learned across six geographical regions: Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, Latin America, and the U.S. and Canada. Specifically, each regional section will contain 6-10 chapters canvassing a particular set of promising practices or emerging challenges at the regional or sub-regional level, in addition to a brief overview written by the section editor. The regional sections will be flanked by integrative chapters. As a whole, the volume contains 65 chapters.