The Tea Industry

In recent years the international tea industry has changed dramatically with the closure of the London Terminal Auction in 1998 in favour of auctions at source in both Africa and Asia, and the evolution of a wide range of value added products.This major new looseleaf provides a guide to the complex and multifaceted tea industry. Never before has there been a single reference containing the entire range of industry information from history through to health. The Tea Industry's comprehensive nature will promote better understanding of the industry for everyone involved throughout the supply chain as well as providing ideal material for those who are new to the industry.The Tea Industry begins with a review of the history and origins of the trade from its Chinese origins. The author goes on to look at the growing and processing of tea including a detailed country-by-country analysis of world production, consumption, exporting and importing. There are detailed sections on markets, marketing and quality control of tea including a look at auctions, branding and blending of tea. Finally, there is a review of current thinking on tea and health which includes recent research in the area. Overall, The Tea Industry has been developed to provide the most thorough account ever produced of this fascinating industry. The ultimate desktop reference source for all your information needs Comprehensive looseleaf resource and ideal training material Extensive commentary on the tea market and marketing

Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization policy was advocated in India in 1991 under the supervision of P.V. Narasimha Rao, the then Prime Minister of India. As a consequence, the tea plantation industry was largely affected. It has confronted difficult competition because of the simplification of tariff barriers and the removal of the quantity restrictions on imports. The result of these on the share of export of Indian tea has declined, the price has plunged, and the profitability has reduced. To remain competitive in the market, tea-producing companies have been forced to reduce the various costs, especially labour costs. Due to this, tea companies are not in a position to fulfil their responsibilities such as health, safety, welfare, and working conditions to the workers. Besides, improper recruitment of labour, lack of proper training facilities, and even irregularities in payment of wages have been increased significantly. As a result, 1.2 million workers in the tea industry to sustain themselves and their families have been adversely affected. This leads to labour unrest and the industry has become vulnerable. The final impact of all these issues spreads to the quality of tea and profitability of the industry in India. This book examines the existing human resource management practices in the Indian tea industry. It adopts a simplified yet comprehensive approach to showcase workforce management in the tea industry. This book will be of value to postgraduate students, researchers, HR professionals, and policymakers in the fields of human resource management, business history, and industrial relations.

Reprint of the original, first published in 1882.

A history of capitalism in nineteenth‑ and twentieth‑century China and India that explores the competition between their tea industries “Tea War is not only a detailed comparative history of the transformation of tea production in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but it also intervenes in larger debates about the nature of capitalism, global modernity, and global history.”— Alexander F. Day, Occidental College Tea remains the world’s most popular commercial drink today, and at the turn of the twentieth century, it represented the largest export industry of both China and colonial India. In analyzing the global competition between Chinese and Indian tea, Andrew B. Liu challenges past economic histories premised on the technical “divergence” between the West and the Rest, arguing instead that seemingly traditional technologies and practices were central to modern capital accumulation across Asia. He shows how competitive pressures compelled Chinese merchants to adopt abstract industrial conceptions of time, while colonial planters in India pushed for labor indenture laws to support factory-style tea plantations. Characterizations of China and India as premodern backwaters, he explains, were themselves the historical result of new notions of political economy adopted by Chinese and Indian nationalists, who discovered that these abstract ideas corresponded to concrete social changes in their local surroundings. Together, these stories point toward a more flexible and globally oriented conceptualization of the history of capitalism in China and India.

World Bank Technical Paper No. 359. As the telecommunications sector evolves toward a more competitive environment in which the private actors become the main players, it is essential to develop policies that will reduce the disparities between urban and rural telecommunications services. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the technical and financial parameters that have to be considered in formulating such policies. It presents an array of options for commercial operation of rural telecommunications and challenges the general perception that rural telecommunications services are unprofitable. It demonstrates that services can be economically delivered to rural areas at affordable prices while simultaneously providing reasonable financial returns to investors. A planning tool kit is included that assists in the design of the various options.