Theory Techniques And Applications Of Nanotechnology In Gene Silencing

This book focuses on various aspects of nanotechnology based gene silencing. The initial chapters detail the techniques available for in vitro and in vivo characterization of nanoparticles. In the later chapters, exhaustive details about various polymeric systems employed for gene silencing has been accounted.

Advances in Nanomedicine for the Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids addresses several issues related to safe and effective delivery of nucleic acids (NAs) using nanoparticles. A further emphasis would be laid on the mechanism of delivery of NAs, the barriers encountered and the strategies adapted to combat them. An exhaustive account of the advantages as well shortcomings of all the delivery vectors being employed in delivery of various NAs will be provided. On final note the regulatory aspects of nanoparticles mediated NA would be discussed, with focus on their clinical relevance. The design and development of nucleic acid-based therapeutics for the treatment of diseases arising from genetic abnormalities has made significant progress over the past few years. NAs have been widely explored for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases or to block cell proliferation and thereby caused diseases. Advances in synthetic oligonucleotide chemistry resulted in synthesis of NAs that are relatively stable in in vivo environments. However, cellular targeting and intracellular delivery of NAs still remains a challenge. Further development of NA-based therapeutics depends on the progress of safe and effective carriers for systemic administration. Nanomedicine has facilitated availability of vectors with diminished cytotoxicity and enhanced efficacy which are rapidly emerging as systems of choice. These vectors protect NAs from enzymatic degradation by forming condensed complexes along with targeted tissue and cellular delivery. During the past few years, a myriad reports have appeared reporting delivery of NAs mediated by nanoparticles. This book will provide an overview of nanoparticles being employed in the in vitro and in vivo delivery of therapeutically relevant NAs like DNA, siRNA, LNA, PNA, etc. Provides a complete overview of the applicatiosn of nanomedicine in the delivery of nucleic acids, from characterization of nanoparticles, to in vitro and in vivo studies Discusses delivery issues of less well explored nucleic acids, like PNAs, Ribozymes, DNAzymes, etc. Summarizes the current state of research in nucleic acid delivery and underscores the future of nanomedicine in this field

Nanomaterial Characterization Providing various properties of nanomaterials and the various methods available for their characterization Over the course of the last few decades, research activity on nanomaterials has gained considerable press coverage. The use of nanomaterials has meant that consumer products can be made lighter, stronger, esthetically more pleasing, and less expensive. The significant role of nanomaterials in improving the quality of life is clear, resulting in faster computers, cleaner energy production, target-driven pharmaceuticals, and better construction materials. It is not surprising, therefore, that nanomaterial research has really taken off, spanning across different scientific disciplines from material science to nanotoxicology. A critical part of any nanomaterial research, however, is the need to characterize physicochemical properties of the nanomaterials, which is not a trivial matter. Nanomaterial Characterization: An Introduction is dedicated to understanding the key physicochemical properties and their characterization methods. Each chapter begins by giving an overview of the topic before a case study is presented. The purpose of the case study is to demonstrate how the reader may make use of the background information presented to them and show how this can be translated to solve a nanospecific application scenario. Thus, it will be useful for researchers in helping them design experimental investigations. The book begins with a general overview of the subject, thus giving the reader a solid foundation to nanomaterial characterization. Nanomaterial Characterization: An Introduction features: Nanomaterial synthesis and reference nananomaterials Key physicochemical properties and their measurements including particle size distribution by number, solubility, surface area, surface chemistry, mechanical/tribological properties, and dustiness Scanning tunneling microscopy methods operated under extreme conditions Novel strategy for biological characterization of nanomaterial methods Methods to handle and visualize multidimensional nanomaterial characterization data The book is written in such a way that both students and experts in other fields of science will find the information useful, whether they are in academia, industry, or regulation, or those whose analytical background may be limited.There is also an extensive list of references associated with every chapter to encourage further reading.

Nanomedicine consists of the use of nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology in medicine. There have been extensive developments in the area of nanomedicine. The scope of this book is first to discuss the origin of nanomedicine. Following this, instead of a general overview of the whole area, 24 chapters on selected topics of important areas are described in detail. Authors are selected from around the world to give a representative and international view of the activities in the area of nanomedicine. Contents:Artificial Cells: The Beginning of Nanomedicine (Thomas Ming Swi Chang)The Clinical Development of Hemopure®: A Selective Commentary (A Gerson Greenburg)Glutaraldehyde Polymerized Porcine Hemoglobin: Preparation, Safety Evaluation and Pharmacodynamics Study (Chao Chen, Hongli Zhu and Kunping Yan)Evidence Regarding Some Pharmacologic Characteristics of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers (Enrico Bucci)EAF PEG Hemoglobins: Novel Class of Nonhypertensive Resuscitation Fluids: Simplicity and Advantages of Extension Arm Chemistry for PEGylation (Seetharama A Acharya, Amy G Tsai and Marcos Intaglietta)Biocompatibility of a Highly Concentrated Fluid of Hemoglobin-Vesicles as a Transfusion Alternative (Hiromi Sakai)Molecular Basis of Haptoglobin and Hemoglobin Complex Formation and Protection against Oxidative Stress and Damage (Yiping Jia and Abdu I Alayash)Polynitroxylated Hemoglobin as a Multifunctional Therapeutic for Critical Care and Transfusion Medicine (Li Ma and Carleton Jen Chang Hsia)Surface-Mediated Drug Delivery (Benjamin M Wohl, Betina Fejerskov, Siow-Feng Chong and Alexander N Zelikin)Use of Tunable Pores for Accurate Characterization of Micro- and Nanoparticle Systems in Nanomedicine (James Eldridge, Aaron H Colby, Geoff R Willmott, Sam Yu and Mark W Grinstaff)Microfluidic Probes to Process Surfaces, Cells, and Tissues (Mohammad A Qasaimeh, Sebastien G Ricoult and David Juncker)Subcompartmentalized Systems Towards Therapeutic Cell Mimics (Leticia Hosta-Rigau and Brigitte Städler)Soft Magnetic Nanomaterials Towards Nanomedicine: Magnetism Principles, Preparation, Characterization and Potential Applications (G W Qin, S Li, Y P Ren, F Darain and K Dimitrov)GoldMag Composite Particles and Their Applications in Nanomedicine (Mingli Peng, Xu Chao, Chao Chen and Yali Cui)Nanoparticles for Imaging and Therapy: Functionalization, Endocytosis and Characterization (Yu Zhang, Yi Li, Gürer Budak, Mihrimah Ozkan and Cengiz S Ozkan)Noscapines: Novel Carrier Systems to Target Tumor Cells (Ramesh Chandra, J Madan, Prashant Singh, Pradeep Kumar, V Tomar, Sujata K Dass and Ankush Chandra)High-Throughput Methods for Miniaturization of Implantable Artificial Cells (Maryam Mobed-Miremadi)Amphiphilic Core–Shell Nanoparticles Containing Hairy Polyethyleneimine Shells as Effective Nanocarriers for Gene and siRNA Delivery (Pei Li, Yuen Shan Siu, Kin Man Ho and Wei Li)Nano-Chaperones: Nanoparticles Acting as Artificial Chaperones (S Boridy and D Maysinger)Bio-Functional Polymer Vesicles for Applications in Nanomedicine (Hans-Peter M de Hoog, Bo Liedberg and Madhavan Nallani)Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer and Stem Cell Therapeutics (Wei Shao, Arghya Paul and Satya Prakash)Chitosan-Based Nanocarriers for Efficient and Targeted siRNA Delivery (Surendra Nimesh and Ramesh Chandra)Application of Polyethylenimine-Based Nanoparticles for RNA Therapeutics (Surendra Nimesh and Ramesh Chandra)Nanosilver System Technology for Applications in Nanomedicine (Helmut Schmid) Readership: Graduate students and researchers in nanomedicine, nanobiotechnology, nanotechnology, biotechnology and biomedical engineering. Keywords:Nanomedicine;Nanobiotechnology;Nanotechnology;Blood Substitutes;Polyhemoglobin;Oxygen Therapeutics;Antioxidant;Oxygen Radicals;Regenerative Medicine;Nanocapsules;Nanoparticles;Bioencapsulation;Drug Delivery;Magnetic;Conjugated Hemoglobin;Enzymes;Cancer Therapy;Carbon Nanotubule;Microfluidics;Blood;Transfusion;Polyethylene Glycol;Liposome;Polymersomes;Oxidative Stress;Artificial Cells

Maximizing the potential of RNA interference in functional genomics - as well as in the development of therapeutics - continues to be at the forefront of biomedical research. Unlike journal articles, Gene Silencing by RNA Interference: Technology and Application combines essential background to the RNAi field with practical techniques designed by renowned researchers to provide the most diverse and in-depth examination of the subject yet. This book describes methods and protocols for gene silencing and RNA interference. Each chapter provides necessary background to the subject and then gives detailed methods in easy-to-follow steps, along with troubleshooting hints and tips. Following a general and historical introduction, chapters two through eight focus on technical details of the various methods of siRNA design, chemical and enzymatic production, plasmid- and virus-mediated intracellular expression, and other RNAi tools. Chapter nine discusses the exogenous delivery of siRNAs into cells, and the final chapters of the book detail the application of RNAi to dissect gene function in a number of biological systems, including cell-free systems, cultured cells, and whole organisms. From the design and production of RNAi tools to their applications, Gene Silencing by RNA Interference: Technology and Application is the first to present the entire spectrum of activity, design, production, and delivery of RNAi reagents, providing a welcome guide for both academic and commercial use.

This volume provides readers with a comprehensive review of various gene silencing methodologies and its applications. It provides a historical overview of gene silencing mechanisms in plants, vectors, and strategies available for plant gene silencing, practical applications of gene silencing, bioinformatics tools, and other resources. In addition to these review chapters, this book includes methodology for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in various different plant species, understanding plant stress responses using VIGS, miRNA identification, DNA interference, host-induced gene silencing, use of artificial miRNAs for gene silencing, high throughput RNAi, and more. Written in the highly successful Methods of Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Thorough and practical, Plant Gene Silencing: Methods and Protocols seeks to aid scientists to further understand functional relevance of target genes using gene silencing methods and use these technologies in commercial plant varieties.

The burgeoning field of nanotechnology has led to many recent technological innovations and discoveries. Understanding the impact of these technologies on business, science, and industry is an important first step in developing applications for a variety of settings and contexts. Handbook of Research on Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, and Advanced Materials presents a detailed analysis of current experimental and theoretical approaches surrounding nanomaterials science. With applications in fields such as biomedicine, renewable energy, and synthetic materials, the research in this book will provide experimentalists, professionals, students, and academics with an in-depth understanding of nanoscience and its impact on modern technology.