Tokens Of Exchange

The problem of translation has become increasingly central to critical reflections on modernity and its universalizing processes. Approaching translation as a symbolic and material exchange among peoples and civilizations—and not as a purely linguistic or literary matter, the essays in Tokens of Exchange focus on China and its interactions with the West to historicize an economy of translation. Rejecting the familiar regional approach to non-Western societies, contributors contend that “national histories” and “world history” must be read with absolute attention to the types of epistemological translatability that have been constructed among the various languages and cultures in modern times. By studying the production and circulation of meaning as value in areas including history, religion, language, law, visual art, music, and pedagogy, essays consider exchanges between Jesuit and Protestant missionaries and the Chinese between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries and focus on the interchanges occasioned by the spread of capitalism and imperialism. Concentrating on ideological reciprocity and nonreciprocity in science, medicine, and cultural pathologies, contributors also posit that such exchanges often lead to racialized and essentialized ideas about culture, sexuality, and nation. The collection turns to the role of language itself as a site of the universalization of knowledge in its contemplation of such processes as the invention of Basic English and the global teaching of the English language. By focusing on the moments wherein meaning-value is exchanged in the translation from one language to another, the essays highlight the circulation of the global in the local as they address the role played by historical translation in the universalizing processes of modernity and globalization. The collection will engage students and scholars of global cultural processes, Chinese studies, world history, literary studies, history of science, and anthropology, as well as cultural and postcolonial studies. Contributors. Jianhua Chen, Nancy Chen, Alexis Dudden Eastwood, Roger Hart, Larissa Heinrich, James Hevia, Andrew F. Jones, Wan Shun Eva Lam, Lydia H. Liu, Deborah T. L. Sang, Haun Saussy, Q. S. Tong, Qiong Zhang

A complete guide to understanding, developing, and testing popular security-token smart contracts Key FeaturesUnderstand key Blockchain and Ethereum platforms conceptsStep-by-step guide to developing STO smart contracts on EthereumMonetize digital tokens under various U.S. securities lawsBook Description The failure of initial coin offerings (ICOs) is no accident, as most ICOs do not link to a real asset and are not regulated. Realizing the shortcomings of ICOs, the blockchain community and potential investors embraced security token offerings (STOs) and stablecoins enthusiastically. In this book, we start with an overview of the blockchain technology along with its basic concepts. We introduce the concept behind STO, and cover the basic requirements for launching a STO and the relevant regulations governing its issuance. We discuss U.S. securities laws development in launching security digital tokens using blockchain technology and show some real use cases. We also explore the process of STO launches and legal considerations. We introduce popular security tokens in the current blockchain space and talk about how to develop a security token DApp, including smart contract development for ERC1404 tokens. Later, you'll learn to build frontend side functionalities to interact with smart contracts. Finally, we discuss stablecoin technical design functionalities for issuing and operating STO tokens by interacting with Ethereum smart contracts. By the end of this book, you will have learned more about STOs and gained a detailed knowledge of building relevant applications—all with the help of practical examples. What you will learnUnderstand the basic requirements for launching a security token offeringExplore various US securities laws governing the offering of security digital tokensGet to grips with the stablecoin concept with the help of use casesLearn how to develop security token decentralized applicationsUnderstand the difference between ERC-20 and ERC-721 tokensLearn how to set up a development environment and build security tokensExplore the technical design of stablecoinsWho this book is for This book is ideal for blockchain beginners and business user developers who want to quickly master popular Security Token Offerings and stablecoins. Readers will learn how to develop blockchain/digital cryptos, guided by U.S. securities laws and utilizing some real use cases. Prior exposure to an Object-Oriented Programming language such as JavaScript would be an advantage, but is not mandatory.

This book provides comprehensive coverage of applied behavioral analysis (ABA). It examines the history and training methods of ABA as well as related ethical and legal issues. The book discusses various aspects of reinforcement, including social reinforcers, tangible reinforcers, automatic reinforcement, thinning reinforcers, and behavioral momentum. It addresses basic training strategies, such as prompts and fadings, stimulus fading, and stimulus pairing and provides insights into auditory/visual discrimination, instructional feedback, generalization, error correction procedures, and response interruption. In addition, the book addresses the use of ABA in education and explores compliance training, on-task behavior, teaching play and social skills, listening and academic skills, technology, remembering and cognitions, picture-based instruction, foreign language instruction, teaching verbal behavior, public speaking, and vocational skills. In addition, the book covers treatments for tics, trichotillomania, stereotypies, self-injurious behavior, aggression, and toe walking. It also addresses ABA for special populations, including individuals with autism, ADHD, substance abuse, and intellectual disabilities. Featured areas of coverage include: Basic assessment methods, such as observing behavior, treatment integrity, social validation, evaluating physical activity, measuring sleep disturbances, preference assessment, and establishing criteria for skill mastery. Functional assessment, including how to quantify outcomes and evaluate results, behaviors that precede and are linked to target behaviors, and treatments. Treatment methods, such as token economies, discrete trial instruction, protective equipment, group-based and parent training as well as staff training and self-control procedures. Health issues, including dental and self-care, life skills, mealtime and feeding, telehealth, smoking reduction and cessation, and safety training. Leisure and social skills, such as cellphone use, gambling, teaching music, sports and physical fitness. The Handbook of Applied Behavior Analysis is a must-have reference for researchers, professors, and graduate students as well as clinicians, therapists, and other professionals in clinical child and school psychology, child and adolescent psychiatry, social work, behavioral therapy and rehabilitation, special education, developmental psychology, pediatrics, nursing, and all interrelated disciplines.

Proven to be highly effective for the treatment of a wide range of problems, cognitive-behavior therapy is the most widely used psychotherapeutic technique. Building on the success of the previous edition, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Second Edition presents specific direction for cognitive behavior therapy techniques. Fully updated and expanded, this edition contains contributions from world-renowned experts on problems including smoking cessation, stress management, and classroom management. Its step-by-step illustrations create a hands-on reference of vital cognitive-behavioral therapy skills. This reference is essential for psychologists, counselors, and social workers.

Tasked chiefly with providing effective instruction, classroom teachers must also manage student behavior. Prevalence of student problem behavior is a strong indicator of failing schools, and has been linked to reduced academic achievement, truancy, bullying, and loss of teacher time. As such demand is on the rise for intervention programs that may effectively reduce levels of problem behavior in schools. Handbook of Behavioral Interventions in Schools is a comprehensive collection of evidence-based strategies for addressing student behavior in the classroom and other school settings. Experts in the fields of special education and school psychology provide practical guidance on over twenty behavior interventions that can be used to promote appropriate student behavior. Framed within a multi-tiered system of support, a framework representing one of the predominant service delivery models in schools, interventions are categorized as Tier I, Tier II, or Tier III, and chapters provide insight into how students might be placed in and moved through respective levels of service intensity. Each chapter details a specific intervention strategy, and includes reproducible materials to facilitate use of the intervention, case studies, and further reading for school-based practitioners. Introductory chapters on behavior analysis, multi-tiered systems of support, and law and ethics place the practical guides in a context that is relevant for school-based practice. Walking readers through the entire process of assessment of problem behaviors to intervention and progress monitoring, Handbook of Behavioral Interventions in Schools is an invaluable resource for special education teachers, school psychologists, and trainees in these fields.

**Longlisted for the Financial Times Business Book of the Year** --- Platform capitalism is coming for the money in your pocket Wherever you look, money is being re- placed by tokens. Digital platforms are issuing new kinds of money-like things: phone credit, shares, gift vouchers, game tokens, customer data-the list goes on. But what does it mean when online platforms become the new banks? What new types of control and discrimination emerge when money is tied to specific apps or actions, politics or identities? Tokens opens up this new and expanding world. Exploring the history of extra- monetary economies, Rachel O'Dwyer shows that private and grassroots tokens have always haunted the real economy. But as the large tech platforms issue new money-like instruments, tokens are suddenly everywhere. Amazon's Turk workers are getting paid in gift cards. Online streamers trade in wishlists. Foreign remittances are sent via phone credit. Bitcoin, gift cards, NFTs, customer data, and game tokens are the new money in an evolving economy. It is a development challenging the balance of power between online empires and the state. Tokens may offer a flexible even subversive route to compensation. But for the platforms them- selves they can be a means of amassing frightening new powers. An essential read for anyone concerned with digital money, inequality, and the future of the economy.

Part of the Oxford EU Financial Regulation Series, The EU Crowdfunding Regulation provides an in-depth and timely analysis of the EU Crowdfunding Regulation, which is intended to make it easier for crowdfunding platforms to operate throughout the EU, which came into force on 10 November 2021. The book answers legal questions raised by the Regulation, and assesses its impact on legal practice, considering the position of the various types of crowdfunding. The analysis is divided into six parts. The first two parts describe how the Regulation came into being and the role of the Regulation in European capital markets, before defining and assessing the scope of the Regulation. Parts three to five explain how the Regulation applies to the three main players in crowdfunding: the crowdfunding service providers; the project owners; and the investors who form the 'crowd', examining the relevant applicable obligations and safeguards. The final part looks at managing, preventing, and resolving crowdfunding-related disputes. Providing a balance between academic scrutiny and practical context (including consideration of how the Regulation interacts with UK law after Brexit) and drawing upon various aspects of financial law, consumer law, and dispute prevention/resolution, this book is invaluable for legal practitioners and academics looking for a single resource to elucidate this rapidly expanding mode of financing.