Trade Liberalization And Regional Disparity In Pakistan

Pakistan’s military, which has directly controlled the country’s affairs for more than half of its post-independence history and which often retained real political power even during periods of democratic rule, has played a significant role in trade liberalisation. Regional disparities have increased since the beginning of major trade liberalisation attempts in the 1980s and at present, regional conflicts and the associated regional disparities are extremely high. The authors critically review the country's post-independence political economy of trade liberalisation, the resulting structural change and the story of regional disparities, identifying possible relations with political regimes. Using a regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, the effects of trade liberalisation on regional disparities are quantitatively examined, with an emphasis on the key export industries at a national level and on the relative output and employment growth at a regional level. In the first study to distinguish a possible link between trade liberalisation and regional disparities under dissimilar political regimes, such as autocracy and democracy, Butt and Bandara use Pakistan as a case study to draw broader lessons for other developing countries. This book will be of interest to academics, economists, political analysts and policymakers interested in development economics in general and South Asia in particular.

Pakistan's military, which has directly controlled the country's affairs for more than half of its post-independence history and which often retained real political power even during periods of democratic rule, has played a significant role in trade liberalisation. Regional disparities have increased since the beginning of major trade liberalisation attempts in the 1980s and at present, regional conflicts and the associated regional disparities are extremely high. The authors critically review the country's post-independence political economy of trade liberalisation, the resulting structural change and the story of regional disparities, identifying possible relations with political regimes. Using a regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, the effects of trade liberalisation on regional disparities are quantitatively examined, with an emphasis on the key export industries at a national level and on the relative output and employment growth at a regional level. In the first study to distinguish a possible link between trade liberalisation and regional disparities under dissimilar political regimes, such as autocracy and democracy, Butt and Bandara use Pakistan as a case study to draw broader lessons for other developing countries. This book will be of interest to academics, economists, political analysts and policymakers interested in development economics in general and South Asia in particular.

This is the first study to distinguish a possible link between trade liberalisation and regional disparities under dissimilar political regimes, such as autocracy and democracy. It uses Pakistan as a case study to draw broader lessons for other developing countries.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies publishes a wide spectrum of research and technical articles as well as reviews, experiments, experiences, modelings, simulations, designs, and innovations from engineering, sciences, life sciences, and related disciplines as well as interdisciplinary/cross-disciplinary/multidisciplinary subjects. Original work is required. Article submitted must not be under consideration of other publishers for publications.

This book is one of the first in-depth and systematic studies on the functioning and aspiring federations of South Asia. It examines how federal dynamics in India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka are impinged on by the nature of their specific constitutions; their societal, political and cultural fabrics; composition of power elites and ruling classes; structures of political economy and market; electoral and party systems; mass media; and information technology. The authors offer a comparative, analytical, conceptual, and theoretical framework to understand patterns and trends as also experiences of and possibilities for federalism in South Asia. They highlight divergences and similarities, successes and key challenges, while indicating federalism’s wider regional relevance in the discourse on democracy and governance. The book concludes that the multicultural character of these societies — beset with ethnic and regional conflicts, separatist and military undercurrents — makes federal political solutions the only viable route. Providing a wealth of material, this will deeply interest scholars, students and teachers of comparative politics, political science, federal studies, area studies as well as those interested in political structures and processes in South Asia.

By looking at the link between trade liberalization and pro-poor growth in Nepal, this book explores how a developing and transition economy can attain higher and pro-poor growth along with the ongoing trend of globalization. The author develops a social accounting database for Nepal and applies it to quantify computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to investigate the trade-offs between growth and distribution that are associated with opening up the economy and deregulating it. The book presents a number of pragmatic scenarios that bring about the desired pro-poor growth effects in order to demonstrate possible outcomes for policy making. The research findings apply to other economies with similar macroeconomic structure to Nepal; those small economies with a dominant, traditional, and stagnant agriculture; fragile industrial base, weak and volatile external sector, and almost half of the population living below the poverty line. This book will be of considerable interest to students and scholars in the areas of development economics, political economy of policy reforms, and trade and poverty with special emphasis on South Asia.

Dr Hasan Yaser Malik holds Masters Degrees in Warfare Studies, International Relations, Special Education and English. He did PhD in International Relations. His thesis is titled as Strategic Significance of Gwadar Deep Sea Port: Regional and Extra Regional Dimensions from the University of Karachi in 2010. He has a few International Research contributions to his credit and hundreds of readers across the world. He has served as part of UN in African Peninsula and has earned a ‘Certificate of Appreciation’ from United Nations while serving as a part of it. He has also been awarded with ‘Medal of Excellence’ by Government of Pakistan for his dedication and services for international diplomacy. The author has an interest in Blue Diplomacy and mainly keeps his focus towards it in his continued research. He is a member of a few international and domestic research organisations. The author is part of editorial boards of many international research journals as well. Apart from research, he has interest in flying and deep sea diving and has visited Africa and Europe. The book signifies the value of Gwadar Port as a geo-strategic manoeuvre placed in contemporary and vibrant Indo-Pacific region. Gwadar deep-sea port will play a vital role in blue diplomacy by influencing facets like economy, geo-politics and military. Geographically, it is situated at the confluence of Eurasian and Australian intercontinental plates in proximity to the African Peninsula. Gwadar Port is turning into a mosaic of various cultures by linking billions of people from Europe, Russia, Asia, China, Africa and Australia for trade and development. The deep-sea port is located at the mouth of hydrocarbon-rich Hormuz Strait, the most vital choke point in the Indo-Pacific region. Strategically, being part of String of Pearls, Gwadar will influence the extra-regional players for blue diplomacy. This book covers the demography of Gwadar and its linkages and concerns with Afghanistan, Central Asian republics, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, Wakhan Corridor, extra-regional forces and Germany. Considering the facets like the location of Gwadar Port and its diplo-economic value, it will emerge as a regional trans-shipment port.

This book surveys Vietnam’s economic reforms since the start of the transition from socialist planning to market economy, and in particular their impact on employment relations: the transformation of which has been a key part of reforms and a necessary pre-condition to Vietnam’s entry to the WTO in 2006.