Uganda Aids Indicator Survey 2011

In September 2012, the Ministry of Health (MOH) released the results of the Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey (UAIS) 2011, which indicated that Uganda continues to experience a severe HIV epidemic. HIV prevalence in the general population (15 to 59 years old) is estimated to be 7.3% in 2011, compared to 6.4% in 2004-5. HIV prevalence is higher among women (8.3%) than among men (6.1%). Compared to the 2004/5 UAIS survey, the magnitude of change in HIV prevalence varied across regions: Central, Western, Southwestern and Northern regions remain the worst-affected while modest declines in prevalence were recorded in the East-Central and Mid-Eastern regions. Of particular concern is the rise in HIV prevalence among young people aged 15-24 years generally and in all age groups specifically in the West Nile and North-East regions that previously were least affected. UNAIDS projects the number of new annual infections at 150,000 (2011), an increase from 120,000 in 2004. AIDS mortality is estimated at 62,000 deaths in 2011, the lowest estimate in a long decline since 2000, reflecting the significant expansion of ART. The UNAIDS' most recent World AIDS Day Report warned of increasing unprotected sex (both sexes) and multiple partners (women). The estimated number of people infected with HIV has risen to 1.39 million, 55% of whom are female and 14% are children under the age of 15 years. HIV is predominantly heterosexually transmitted, accounting for 75-80% of new infections. However, population subgroups show that the most affected and the risk factors and drivers of HIV infections have evolved in recent years. Studies show an HIV prevalence of 1.2% in university students, 15-40% in fishing communities, 37% among sex workers, 18% in the partners of sex workers, and 13% in the group of men with a history of having sex with men. Strikingly, 35% of new infections occur amongst self-reported monogamous individuals which raises concerns regarding rising multiple concurrent partnerships. The remaining transmissions are largely due to mother-to-child HIV transmission. In response to the 2011 UAIS results, PEPFAR revised its programmatic and technical approaches and targets to better respond to Uganda's escalating epidemic. The 2013 COP is based on scientific evidence, prioritized proven interventions, resources matched effectively across subpopulations, and efforts directed towards sources of new infections to assist the HIV/AIDS epidemic response in Uganda. The 2013 COP is the product of a consultative process that involved the GOU, PEPFAR implementing partners (IP) and bilateral and multilateral donors.

The DHS Program has supported the conduct of numerous large-scale HIV seroprevalence surveys. Some of these surveys used a testing strategy based on enzyme-immunoassays (EIA) and recent concerns were raised that this algorithm could have led to overestimation of HIV prevalence. The present report investigated the impact of potential misclassification of samples on HIV prevalence estimates for 23 surveys conducted from 2010-2014. Along with visual inspection of laboratory results, we examined how accounting for potential misclassification of HIV status through Bayesian latent class models affected prevalence estimates. Two types of Bayesian models were specified: one that only uses the individual dichotomous test results and a continuous model that makes use of the quantitative information of the EIA (i.e., their signal-to-cutoff values). Overall, we found that adjusted prevalence estimates roughly matched the surveys’ original results, with overlapping uncertainty intervals, suggesting that misclassification of HIV status should not affect prevalence estimates in most surveys. Our analyses did, however, suggest that two surveys may be problematic; the Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey 2011 and the Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2013-14, where prevalence could have been overestimated - the magnitude of which remains difficult to ascertain. Interpreting results from the Uganda survey is made difficult by the lack of internal quality control and potential violation of the multivariate normality assumption of the continuous Bayesian latent class model. In conclusion, despite limitations of our latent class models, our analyses suggest that prevalence estimates from most reviewed surveys are not overwhelmingly affected by sample misclassification.

A gripping exploration of the relationship between sex and our society, with a foreword by bestselling author A.J. Jacobs Why do political leaders become entangled in so many sex scandals? How did the U.S. military inadvertently help make San Francisco a mecca of gay culture? And what was the original purpose of vibrators? Find out the answers to all these questions and more as journalist Ross Benes delves into the complicated relationship between everyday human life—including religion, politics, and technology—and our sexuality. Drawing on history, psychology, sociology, and more, The Sex Effect combines innovative research and analysis with captivating anecdotes to reveal just how much sex shapes our society—and what it means for us as humans as we continue to struggle with the wide-ranging effects our sexuality has on the world around us.

This edited book includes new policy-relevant research on women’s health issues in Africa. Scholars explore critical topics from different disciplinary traditions using a variety of research methodologies and data sources. The contributors include African scholars with in-depth knowledge of their home contexts, who can furnish nuanced interpretations of local health issues and trends; international researchers who bring vigorous comparative viewpoints; emerging scholars adding to scientific knowledge; and more established researchers with a deep global knowledge of women’s health issues. The range of women’s health issues is vast, including the HIV epidemic and its impacts; domestic violence; the persistence of homebirths; and abortion. In addition, the book investigates emerging health concerns such as CVDs and cancers. Readers will learn that, while old health issues have persisted and assumed new dimensions, newer concerns have materialized and are gaining momentum. The inability of health systems to tackle these issues complicates matters in Africa, creating a sense of desperation that can only be successfully confronted through strong political will and strategic planning, grounded in further research. This book was originally published as several special issues of Health Care for Women International.

Biomedical Advances in HIV Prevention: Social and Behavioral Perspectives Lisa A. Eaton and Seth C. Kalichman, editors Three decades into the epidemic, a great deal is known about HIV and its transmission, more people are living with the disease, and the virus is no longer seen as a death sentence. But new people continue to be infected with HIV each year, making prevention strategies that are medically effective and behaviorally engaging as urgent a priority as ever. Biomedical Advances in HIV Prevention: Social and Behavioral Perspectives assembles the latest improvements, barriers to implementation, and possibilities for--and challenges to--future progress. Innovations such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (antiretroviral regimens for the high-risk uninfected) and treatment as prevention (early use of ART to reduce infectiousness of new patients) are examined, as are current findings on ongoing prevention and treatment concerns. Contributors illuminate the complex realities entailing adherence, pointing out technological, behavioral, and cultural roadblocks as well as opportunities to significantly reduce infection rates. Detailed up-to-the-minute coverage includes: Prevention services for persons living with HIV Adherence to HIV treatment as prevention and pre-exposure prophylaxis Advocating for rectal microbicides and safe lubricants Mental health and substance use in the scale-up of HIV prevention Risk compensation in response to HIV prevention Implementing biomedical HIV prevention advances: reports from South Africa, Uganda, Australia, Thailand, United States, Ecuador, and Peru Researchers, practitioners, and policy makers working in the fields of HIV/AIDS and public health will look toward Biomedical Advances in HIV Prevention: Social and Behavioral Perspectives as both a means for developing and assessing current programs and a blueprint for the next generation of prevention efforts.

This book provides a unique perspective on addressing issues of various forms of violence against children from scholars within their own country. Bringing together cross-disciplinary expertise, this volume addresses a vast range of topics related to child abuse and neglect in Uganda. Exploring areas from the protection of street children to cultural proverbs related to child maltreatment, this volume examines issues both specific to the Ugandan contexts as well as broadly experienced in child maltreatment work in non-Euro-American countries. This book surveys the breadth of the child protection field, covering issues of children’s universal rights, challenges of protection and ethical quandaries in researching and addressing maltreatment.

This book explores the nature, significance and consequences of the religious activism surrounding AIDS in Africa. While African religion was relatively marginal in inspiring or contributing to AIDS activism during the early days of the epidemic, this situation has changed dramatically. In order to account for these changes, contributors provide answers to pressing questions. How does the entrance of religion into public debates about AIDS affect policymaking and implementation, church-state relations, and religion itself? How do religious actors draw on and reconfigure forms of transnational connectivity? How do resource flows from development and humanitarian aid that religious actors may access then affect relationships of power and authority in African societies? How does religious mobilization on AIDS reflect contestation over identity, cultural membership, theology, political participation, and citizenship? Addressing these questions, the authors draw on social movement theories to explore the role of religious identities, action frames, political opportunity structures, and resource mobilization in African religions’ reaction to the AIDS epidemic. The book’s findings are rooted in fieldwork conducted in Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Ghana, and Mozambique, among a variety of religious organizations. This book was originally published as a special issue of the Canadian Journal of African Studies.