User Centered Guidance For Engineering And Design Of Decentralized Sanitation Technologies

Technological innovations in sanitation are poised to address the great need for sanitation improvements in low-income countries. Worldwide, more than 2.4 billion people lack access to improved sanitation facilities. Innovative waste treatment and sanitation technologies aim to incorporate user-centered findings into technology engineering and design. Without a focus on users, even the most innovative technology solutions can encounter significant barriers to adoption. Drawing on a household survey conducted in urban slum communities of Ahmedabad, India, this research brief identifies toilet and sanitation preferences, amenities, and attributes that might promote adoption of improved sanitation technologies among potential user populations. This work uses supplemental insights gained from focus groups and findings from the literature. Based on our research, we offer specific guidance for engineering and design of sanitation products and technologies.

This book presents technical information and materials concerning the engineering of decentralized infrastructure to achieve effective wastewater treatment while also minimizing resource consumption and providing a source of reclaimed water, nutrients and organic matter. The approaches, technologies and systems described are targeted for green building and sustainable infrastructure across the United States and similar industrialized nations, but they are also applicable to water and sanitation projects in developing regions around the world. Today, decentralized infrastructure can be used to sustainably serve houses, buildings and developments with water use and wastewater flows of 100 to 100,000 gal/d or more. The book provides in-depth engineering coverage of the subject in a narrative and slide format specifically designed for classroom lectures or facilitated self-study. Key topics are covered including: engineering to satisfy project goals and requirements including sustainability, contemporary water use and wastewater generation and methods to achieve water use efficiency and source separation, alternative methods of wastewater collection and conveyance, and treatment and reuse operations including tank-based (e.g., septic tanks, aerobic treatment units, porous media biofilters, membrane bioreactors), wetland-based (e.g., free water surface and vegetated subsurface bed wetlands), and land-based unit operations (e.g., subsurface soil infiltration, shallow drip dispersal). Approaches and technologies are also presented that can achieve nutrient reduction and resource recovery in some cases or pathogen destruction to enable a particular discharge or reuse plan. The book also describes requirements and methods for effective management of the process solids, sludges and residuals that can be generated by various approaches, technologies, and systems. The book contains over 300 figures and illustrations of technologies and systems and over 150 tables of design and performance data. There are also more than 200 questions and problems relevant to the topics covered including example problems that have solutions presented to illustrate engineering concepts and calculations.

This book provides up-to-date information on the concepts and technologies in decentralized sanitation for wastewater treatment and management. It addresses the knowledge gap that exists between the understanding of centralized and decentralized wastewater treatment approaches. Decentralized Sanitation and Water Treatment: Concept and Technologies covers the sustainability principles and technologies involved, and common decentralized treatment and disposal methods. It includes topics like septage as a resource, resource recovery, anaerobic treatment of domestic sewage, and decentralized sanitation in various countries. Features Provides case studies from all around the world to explain the traditional and advanced technologies in decentralized sanitation and wastewater treatment Discusses real examples and cases from rural, urban, and peri-urban areas Focuses on interdisciplinary approaches of sustainability and circular economies Covers topics like water recycling, resource recovery, and use of sustainable energy sources Reviews common treatments and disposal methods of decentralized sanitation The book is meant for professionals and researchers working on wastewater treatment, environmental engineering, and ecology.

Science and technology plays a critical role, but not the only role, in realizing the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals. Not only must we observe the cultural context of scientific and technological interventions, we must respect and support the innovative capacity of those with different backgrounds. To help understand these concerns, this book puts forth the concept of generative justice in science and technology for development. This book presents community case studies concerning technological interventions in global health, the environment, agriculture, and their ethics. Discusses issues around science, technology, and development in the Global South. Describes the redesign of lab-inspired prototypes after field testing with project partners. Identifies basic science/engineering principles utilized in development solutions.

Modular Treatment Approach for Drinking Water and Wastewater is a comprehensive resource that explores the latest studies and techniques in the field of treating water. It offers a new approach to tackling the demand for a high-quality, economic and green water treatment system and providing clean water globally. This book focuses on a modular strategy, which allows for a customized retrofit solution to the constantly changing parameters that are dependent on current demand and requirements. It summarizes the principles of modular design, as well as current developments and perspectives. Beginning with an introduction to sustainable and integrated water management, the book then delves into topics such as the use of modular systems for the removal of organic micropollutants; adsorbent-based reactors for modular wastewater treatment; filtration systems in modular drinking water treatment systems; and the use of solar energy in modular drinking water treatment. The book closes with a chapter on life cycle assessment for drinking water supply and treatment systems. Modular Treatment Approach for Drinking Water and Wastewater provides a detailed overview of wastewater and drinking water treatment and is a must-have for researchers, students and professors working in these areas. Presents the whole lifecycle of a modular treatment approach Includes global case studies, detailing the methods needed and the results possible for these treatment approaches Provides flow charts and diagrams, giving the reader a step-by-step guide to implementing these techniques in their work Explores futuristic approaches and changes in the wastewater treatment