Variation And Reconstruction

The relation of language variation to reconstructed languages and to the methodology of reconstruction has long been neglected. In this volume, the relationship between language and variation is considered from a number of different angles, looking at evidence from various language families. In doing so, the papers in this volume address a number of interconnected issues which are of current concern in comparative and historical linguistics.

The relation of language variation to reconstructed languages and to the methodology of reconstruction has long been neglected. The articles in the present volume consider this relationship from a number of different angles, with a number of different focuses. Several of the papers discuss evidence from Germanic, either Proto-Germanic (Joseph, Schwink), or daughter languages such as Dutch (Goss & Howell), Afrikaans (Roberge), Newcastle English (Milroy), and a Wisconsin German dialect (Geiger & Salmons). Other papers look at Italian (Cravens), Spanish (Harris-Northall), and the non-Indo-European languages or families Aramaic (Miller), and Proto-Hmong-Mien (Ratliff), and the Southeast Asian languages Phan Rang Cham and Tsat (Thurgood). In doing so they bring together a number of interconnected issues which are of current concern in comparative and historical linguistics.

This book reflects the vibrancy of historical linguistics, showing how research on ancient Indo-European languages contributes to the understanding of the principles and patterns of language organization and change, including studies on typologically natural tendencies and cognitive universals.

The ten volumes of the "Handbook of Pragmatics Highlights" focus on the most salient topics in the field of pragmatics, thus dividing its wide interdisciplinary spectrum in a transparent and manageable way. While the other volumes select specific philosophical, cognitive, grammatical, cultural, interactional, or discursive angles, this sixth volume focuses on the dynamic aspects of language and reviews the relevant developments in variationist and diachronic scholarship. The areas explored in the volume concern several general themes: specific methodological approaches, from comparative reconstruction to evolutionary pragmatics; issues in intra-lingual variation in terms of standard and non-standard varieties; cross-linguistic variation, including its cross-cultural dimension; and the study of diachronic relations across linguistic patterns, including changes in all areas of pragmatic patterns and categories. The contributions document two prominent and interrelated trends that shape contemporary variationist and diachronic research. One, it has moved from situating change within context-independent systems toward incorporating patterns of language use and the speaker s role in language change. And two, it has reoriented its focus away from cataloguing instances of variation and toward seeking theoretically informed accounts that aim at "explaining" variation and change. On the whole, the volume argues for accepting and developing actively a systematic connection between research in diachrony, synchronic variation, and typology, while also incorporating the socio-cognitive perspective in linguistic analysis as a particularly promising source of useful methodology and explanatory models."

In this book Eric T. Lander comprehensively treats the morphological development of the pronoun ‘this’ in early Nordic. The book features an exhaustive study of the runic forms, comparison with West Germanic, and paradigm reconstructions.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Breast Imaging, IWDM 2016, held in Malmö, Sweden, in June 2016. The 35 revised full papers and 50 revised poster papers presented together with 6 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 89 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on screening; CAD; mammography, tomosynthesis, and breast CT; novel technology; density assessment and tissue analysis; dose and classification; image processing, CAD, breast density, and new technology; contrast-enhanced imaging; phase contrast breast imaging; simulations and virtual clinical trials.

The eight-volume set LNCS 12901, 12902, 12903, 12904, 12905, 12906, 12907, and 12908 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2021, held in Strasbourg, France, in September/October 2021.* The 531 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 1630 submissions in a double-blind review process. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: Part I: image segmentation Part II: machine learning - self-supervised learning; machine learning - semi-supervised learning; and machine learning - weakly supervised learning Part III: machine learning - advances in machine learning theory; machine learning - attention models; machine learning - domain adaptation; machine learning - federated learning; machine learning - interpretability / explainability; and machine learning - uncertainty Part IV: image registration; image-guided interventions and surgery; surgical data science; surgical planning and simulation; surgical skill and work flow analysis; and surgical visualization and mixed, augmented and virtual reality Part V: computer aided diagnosis; integration of imaging with non-imaging biomarkers; and outcome/disease prediction Part VI: image reconstruction; clinical applications - cardiac; and clinical applications - vascular Part VII: clinical applications - abdomen; clinical applications - breast; clinical applications - dermatology; clinical applications - fetal imaging; clinical applications - lung; clinical applications - neuroimaging - brain development; clinical applications - neuroimaging - DWI and tractography; clinical applications - neuroimaging - functional brain networks; clinical applications - neuroimaging – others; and clinical applications - oncology Part VIII: clinical applications - ophthalmology; computational (integrative) pathology; modalities - microscopy; modalities - histopathology; and modalities - ultrasound *The conference was held virtually.

This two-volume set LNCS 9771 and LNCS 9772 constitutes - in conjunction with the volume LNAI 9773 - the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Intelligent Computing, ICIC 2016, held in Lanzhou, China, in August 2016. The 221 full papers and 15 short papers of the three proceedings volumes were carefully reviewed and selected from 639 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections such as signal processing and image processing; information security, knowledge discovery, and data mining; systems biology and intelligent computing in computational biology; intelligent computing in scheduling; information security; advances in swarm intelligence: algorithms and applications; machine learning and data analysis for medical and engineering applications; evolutionary computation and learning; independent component analysis; compressed sensing, sparse coding; social computing; neural networks; nature inspired computing and optimization; genetic algorithms; signal processing; pattern recognition; biometrics recognition; image processing; information security; virtual reality and human-computer interaction; healthcare informatics theory and methods; artificial bee colony algorithms; differential evolution; memetic algorithms; swarm intelligence and optimization; soft computing; protein structure and function prediction; advances in swarm intelligence: algorithms and applications; optimization, neural network, and signal processing; biomedical informatics and image processing; machine learning; knowledge discovery and natural language processing; nature inspired computing and optimization; intelligent control and automation; intelligent data analysis and prediction; computer vision; knowledge representation and expert system; bioinformatics.