Wastewater Reuse And Management In The Middle East And North Africa

"The MENA region is the driest in the world. Irrigated agriculture consumes the largest volume of water resources due to the continuous demand for food production. A huge potential for satisfying this increasing demand exists in the reuse of municipal wastewater in agriculture. This book emphasizes the importance of appropriate water policies and the enabling institutional setting in successful wastewater management and reuse. The in-depth-analysis is presented through the case study of Jordan."--Page 4 of cover.

Managing Water Demand provides a comprehensive account of the tools used to manage water demand in the MENA region. The vast arid and semi-arid regions of the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) constitute 85% of the region's land area and are home to approximately 60% of the region's population. Limited water resources pose severe constraints on people's economic and social progress, testing their resilience and threatening their livelihoods. Rainfall is not only scarce and unpredictable, but the region is also subject to frequent and severe droughts. Available surface water is declining and the over-pumping of groundwater beyond natural recharge rates is occurring, lowering the water table and causing an increase in groundwater salinity and ecological degradation. Water Demand Management (WDM) is about governance and tools that motivate people and their activities to regulate the amount and manner in which they access, use and dispose of water to alleviate pressure on freshwater supplies. It is also about protecting water quality. The development and promotion of such WDM practices, primarily for governments in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, have constituted the core objectives supported by Canada's International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and its partners through the Water Demand Management Forums. Managing Water Demand provides a comprehensive account of the tools used to manage water demand in the MENA region. A critical review is presented of the efficacy of WDM techniques in the areas of wastewater reuse, water valuation, public-private partnerships and decentralization, and participatory irrigation management. This book will provide some of the necessary knowledge required to further promote WDM in the MENA region, while providing insight into the work required for much needed change to improve water governance.

Water has always been a source of risks and opportunities in the Middle East and North Africa. Yet rapidly changing socioeconomic, political, and environmental conditions make water security a different, and more urgent, challenge than ever before. This report shows that achieving water security means much more than coping with water scarcity. It means managing water resources in a sustainable, efficient, and equitable way. It also involves delivering water services reliably and affordably, to reinforce relationships between service providers and water users and contribute to a renewed social contract. Water security also entails mitigating water-related risks such as floods and droughts. Water security is an urgent target, but it is also a target within reach. A host of potential solutions to the region’s water management challenges exist. To make these solutions work, clear incentives are needed to change the way water is managed, conserved, and allocated. To make these solutions work, countries in the region will also need to better engage water users, civil society, and youth. The failure of policies to address water challenges can have severe impacts on people’s well-being and political stability. The strategic question for the region is whether countries will act with foresight and resolve to strengthen water security, or whether they will wait to react to the inevitable disruptions of water crises.

In Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Al-Hamdi, M.; AbuZeid, K. (Eds.). Water reuse in the Middle East and North Africa: a sourcebook. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI).

This volume presents the latest research related to the current water situation, as well as its significance for the peaceful coexistence of the neighbouring countries. The book focuses on crucial topics: water resources, water protection, water management and water as a source of conflict. Topics such as sewage disposal and soil protection, as well as the transfer of environmental technology are also discussed.

Wissenschaftliche Studie aus dem Jahr 2013 im Fachbereich Geowissenschaften / Geographie - Geologie, Mineralogie, Bodenkunde, , Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA region) is located between longitudes 130 W and 600 E between latitudes 150 N and 400 N covering a surface area of about 11.1 million square kilometers or about 8% of the area of the world (Fig. 1). MENA is the home for about 300 million people, or about 5% of the world's population, with an average annual population growth rate of 1.7% (World Bank, 2005). The 21 countries in the MENA region have many similarities of arid conditions (85% of the area is desert). Water resources are adversely affected as a result of changes in climate, population, economic development and environmental considerations. The MENA region can be considered as the most water-scarce region of the world (Droogers et al., 2012). Iran (one of the countries in the Middle East located in southwest Asia) was used as the case study because certain parameters (precipitation, evapotranspiration, temperature and population equivalent) used were derived from this country. Iran has a complete desert climate that is very hot in the summer and relatively cold in the winter with scarce rainfall of 200 mm/year and high evapotranspiration (Droogers et al., 2012). Water crisis has appeared in Iran as a serious problem. There are reasons for that: (1) Lack of proper water management and (2) Occurrence of drought (Motiee et al., 2000) Consequent to severe water scarcity, there is need for treatment of the generated wastewater for reuse. Constructed Wetland is one of the secondary treatments for treating primary effluent. This was designed to treat municipal sewage wastewater for one thousand persons in Iran.