Applied Quantum Cryptography

Using the quantum properties of single photons to exchange binary keys between two partners for subsequent encryption of secret data is an absolutely novel te- nology. Only a few years ago quantum cryptography – or better Quantum Key Distribution – was the domain of basic research laboratories at universities. But during the last few years things changed. Quantum Key Distribution or QKD left the laboratories and was picked up by more practical-oriented teams that worked hard to develop a practically applicable technology out of the astonishing results of basic research. One major milestone toward a QKD technology was a large research and dev- opment project funded by the European Commission that aimed at combining qu- tum physics with complementary technologies that are necessary to create a tech- cal solution: electronics, software, and network components were added within the project SECOQC (Development of a Global Network for Secure Communication based on Quantum Cryptography) that teamed up all expertise on European level to get a technology for future cryptography.

Using the quantum properties of single photons to exchange binary keys between two partners for subsequent encryption of secret data is an absolutely novel te- nology. Only a few years ago quantum cryptography – or better Quantum Key Distribution – was the domain of basic research laboratories at universities. But during the last few years things changed. Quantum Key Distribution or QKD left the laboratories and was picked up by more practical-oriented teams that worked hard to develop a practically applicable technology out of the astonishing results of basic research. One major milestone toward a QKD technology was a large research and dev- opment project funded by the European Commission that aimed at combining qu- tum physics with complementary technologies that are necessary to create a tech- cal solution: electronics, software, and network components were added within the project SECOQC (Development of a Global Network for Secure Communication based on Quantum Cryptography) that teamed up all expertise on European level to get a technology for future cryptography.

Quantum Key Distribution or QKD left the laboratories and was picked up by more practical-oriented teams that worked hard to develop a practically applicable technology out of the astonishing results of basic research. One major milestone toward a QKD technology was a large research and dev- opment project funded by the European Commission that aimed at combining qu- tum physics with complementary technologies that are necessary to create a tech- cal solution: electronics, software, and network components were added within the project SECOQC that teamed up all expertise on European level to get a technology for future cryptography.

Today we witness an explosive growth in attention to Q-computing. Q-computing technologies, along with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies, cloud and foggy computing, as well as technologies for collecting and streaming processing of Big Data and ETL, are constantly leading the lists of ""end-to-end"" information technologies for the digital economy of technologically developed countries of the world. One of the main reasons for this is the potential ability of quantum computers to solve some computational problems more efficiently than any of the most modern classical computers of the von Neumann architecture (supercomputers). The most expressive and interesting, from an applied point of view, examples of such problems are integer factorization, effectively performed by Shor's quantum algorithm, as well as record search in an unordered database, effectively solved by Grover's algorithm. This monograph contains the best practice for solving problems of quantum cryptanalysis to improve cyber security and resilience of the digital economy. The book discusses well-known and author's software implementations of promising quantum Shor algorithms, Grover, Simon et al. Shor's algorithm provides exponential acceleration of solving factorization problems, discrete logarithm problems (DLPs) and elliptic curve discrete logarithm problems (ECDLPs). The mentioned tasks are widely used in TLS, SSH or IPsec cryptographic applications of Internet/Intranet and IIoT/IoT networks, communication protocols based on Diffie–Hellman key agreements (dependent on the strength of the DLP or ECDLP), digital signature algorithms (DSA, ECDSA, RSA-PSS), public key encryption algorithms (El Gamal, RSA-OAEP), etc. In other words, Shor's quantum algorithm is potentially capable of violating these algorithms, and with them all the mechanisms of public-key cryptography deployed in cyberspace.

From the world's most renowned security technologist, Bruce Schneier, this 20th Anniversary Edition is the most definitive reference on cryptography ever published and is the seminal work on cryptography. Cryptographic techniques have applications far beyond the obvious uses of encoding and decoding information. For developers who need to know about capabilities, such as digital signatures, that depend on cryptographic techniques, there's no better overview than Applied Cryptography, the definitive book on the subject. Bruce Schneier covers general classes of cryptographic protocols and then specific techniques, detailing the inner workings of real-world cryptographic algorithms including the Data Encryption Standard and RSA public-key cryptosystems. The book includes source-code listings and extensive advice on the practical aspects of cryptography implementation, such as the importance of generating truly random numbers and of keeping keys secure. ". . .the best introduction to cryptography I've ever seen. . . .The book the National Security Agency wanted never to be published. . . ." -Wired Magazine ". . .monumental . . . fascinating . . . comprehensive . . . the definitive work on cryptography for computer programmers . . ." -Dr. Dobb's Journal ". . .easily ranks as one of the most authoritative in its field." -PC Magazine The book details how programmers and electronic communications professionals can use cryptography-the technique of enciphering and deciphering messages-to maintain the privacy of computer data. It describes dozens of cryptography algorithms, gives practical advice on how to implement them into cryptographic software, and shows how they can be used to solve security problems. The book shows programmers who design computer applications, networks, and storage systems how they can build security into their software and systems. With a new Introduction by the author, this premium edition will be a keepsake for all those committed to computer and cyber security.

"A staggeringly comprehensive review of the state of modern cryptography. Essential for anyone getting up to speed in information security." - Thomas Doylend, Green Rocket Security An all-practical guide to the cryptography behind common tools and protocols that will help you make excellent security choices for your systems and applications. In Real-World Cryptography, you will find: Best practices for using cryptography Diagrams and explanations of cryptographic algorithms Implementing digital signatures and zero-knowledge proofs Specialized hardware for attacks and highly adversarial environments Identifying and fixing bad practices Choosing the right cryptographic tool for any problem Real-World Cryptography reveals the cryptographic techniques that drive the security of web APIs, registering and logging in users, and even the blockchain. You’ll learn how these techniques power modern security, and how to apply them to your own projects. Alongside modern methods, the book also anticipates the future of cryptography, diving into emerging and cutting-edge advances such as cryptocurrencies, and post-quantum cryptography. All techniques are fully illustrated with diagrams and examples so you can easily see how to put them into practice. Purchase of the print book includes a free eBook in PDF, Kindle, and ePub formats from Manning Publications. About the technology Cryptography is the essential foundation of IT security. To stay ahead of the bad actors attacking your systems, you need to understand the tools, frameworks, and protocols that protect your networks and applications. This book introduces authentication, encryption, signatures, secret-keeping, and other cryptography concepts in plain language and beautiful illustrations. About the book Real-World Cryptography teaches practical techniques for day-to-day work as a developer, sysadmin, or security practitioner. There’s no complex math or jargon: Modern cryptography methods are explored through clever graphics and real-world use cases. You’ll learn building blocks like hash functions and signatures; cryptographic protocols like HTTPS and secure messaging; and cutting-edge advances like post-quantum cryptography and cryptocurrencies. This book is a joy to read—and it might just save your bacon the next time you’re targeted by an adversary after your data. What's inside Implementing digital signatures and zero-knowledge proofs Specialized hardware for attacks and highly adversarial environments Identifying and fixing bad practices Choosing the right cryptographic tool for any problem About the reader For cryptography beginners with no previous experience in the field. About the author David Wong is a cryptography engineer. He is an active contributor to internet standards including Transport Layer Security. Table of Contents PART 1 PRIMITIVES: THE INGREDIENTS OF CRYPTOGRAPHY 1 Introduction 2 Hash functions 3 Message authentication codes 4 Authenticated encryption 5 Key exchanges 6 Asymmetric encryption and hybrid encryption 7 Signatures and zero-knowledge proofs 8 Randomness and secrets PART 2 PROTOCOLS: THE RECIPES OF CRYPTOGRAPHY 9 Secure transport 10 End-to-end encryption 11 User authentication 12 Crypto as in cryptocurrency? 13 Hardware cryptography 14 Post-quantum cryptography 15 Is this it? Next-generation cryptography 16 When and where cryptography fails

Explore the tools and concepts for Quantum Computing KEY FEATURES ● Offers a diverse range of perspectives from small businesses to multinational conglomerates on the potential of Quantum computing. ● Provides fundamental principles of quantum, optical, and DNA computing and artificial intelligence. ● Collection of hand-picked quantum computing-related frameworks, tools, and utilities for creating new computing spaces. DESCRIPTION Quantum Computing is a hardware, software and technical architectural design paradigm that change traditional computing including Boolean logic with quantum laws and principles at the algorithmic and hardware level. Its use cases and applications can be found in artificial intelligence machine learning, metaverse, cryptography and blockchain technology. This book will help the readers quickly and accurately to understand quantum computing and related technologies by allowing them to make more informed and intelligent business and technical decisions. This book covers almost every aspect of quantum computing from concepts to algorithms to industrial applications. In addition, the book discusses practical guidelines and best practices for quantum computers and related technologies such as artificial intelligence, photonic and DNA computing wherever possible and as needed. This book prepares readers for the future and will assist them in dealing with any challenges associated with quantum computers. If you're interested in writing code, a quick overview of Q#, a quantum programming language, is included in the book's appendix. Almost every chapter contains some quick answers to frequently asked questions, so you can get what you need right away. At the end of each chapter, a textual summary of the chapter and mind maps is provided for the readers, making it possible for them to obtain an overall impression of the ideas presented in a single moment. WHAT YOU WILL LEARN ● Learn the basics of modern computing that includes quantum, optical, and DNA computing, AI and cloud computing. ● Explore strategies for setting up a development environment for quantum computing implementation. ● Acquire knowledge of the frameworks and algorithms used in Quantum Computing, such as Deutch, Shor's, and Grover's. ● Understand the principles and operations of quantum computing. WHO THIS BOOK IS FOR This book is for anyone who is interested in learning more about quantum computing, the various tools available for its implementation, and seeing how to meet the needs of modern businesses. In addition, those already in artificial intelligence, blockchain, or complex computing will find this book very appealing. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Tools for Imaginations, Innovation, Technologies, and Creativity 2. Quantum Physics as an Enabler of a Quantum Computer 3. Mathematics of Quantum Computers: The Fundamentals 4. From Bits to Qubits to Qubytes 5. Artificial Intelligence and Associated Technologies: A Review 6. Quantum Algorithms for Everyone …!!! 7. Quantum Machine Learning 8. Quantum Cryptography: The Future of Security 9. The Architecture of a Quantum Computer 10. DNA, Quantum and Photonic Computers 11. Let’s Realize It: Quantum Start-Ups and Giants in Action 12. The Quantum Strategies 13. The Human Side of Quantum Computer Annexure 1: Q# for quantum computation Annexure 2: Python for Quantum computing Annexure 3: Miscellaneous topics: reduction in emissions, global warming, fearless leadership and important facts Annexure 4: References, Notes and Bibliography

This volume aims to assess the state-of-the-art in the field of Quantum Communication and Security and to identify new research challenges. The papers in this book concentrate mainly on quantum cryptography (both technical and experimental aspects and pure theory), general problems of theoretical quantum information and its realizations (laboratories and applied physics), and finally the related topics concerning quantum theory itself – the most fundamental questions. This publication is divided into four chapters: (1) Quantum Cryptography; (2) Theory of Quantum Information; (3) Production of Entangled States, Experimental Techniques; (4) Quantum Communication and Computation. The editors hope to disseminate a broad spectrum of advances in quantum information and communication through this book.