Carbonate Reservoirs Porosity Evolution And Diagenesis In A Sequence Stratigraphic Framework

Carbonate Reservoirs: Porosity, Evolution and Diagenesis in a Sequence Stratigraphic Framework

The 2nd Edition of Carbonate Reservoirs aims to educate graduate students and industry professionals on the complexities of porosity evolution in carbonate reservoirs. In the intervening 12 years since the first edition, there have been numerous studies of value published that need to be recognized and incorporated in the topics discussed. A chapter on the impact of global tectonics and biological evolution on the carbonate system has been added to emphasize the effects of global earth processes and the changing nature of life on earth through Phanerozoic time on all aspects of the carbonate system. The centerpiece of this chapter—and easily the most important synthesis of carbonate concepts developed since the 2001 edition—is the discussion of the CATT hypothesis, an integrated global database bringing together stratigraphy, tectonics, global climate, oceanic geochemistry, carbonate platform characteristics, and biologic evolution in a common time framework. Another new chapter concerns naturally fractured carbonates, a subject of increasing importance, given recent technological developments in 3D seismic, reservoir modeling, and reservoir production techniques. Detailed porosity classifications schemes for easy comparison Overview of the carbonate sedimentologic system Case studies to blend theory and practice

A comprehensive series of carbonate diagenesis/porosity models summarize the concepts developed in previous chapters, emphasizing the predictable loci of major porosity modification and enhancement. Each model refers to a specific combination of (1) setting (carbonate ramp, land-tied shelf, or isolated platform), (2) climate regime (humid or arid), and (3) sea-level cycle phase (TST, HST, or LST). Diagenetic processes at the parasequence scale reflect third-order sea-level cycles. During the TST and early HST, parasequences tend to be thick, with marine diagenesis dominating. Parasequences progressively thin during the HST, with exposure at cycle tops and meteoric influence becoming more important. During the late HST and the LST, subaerial diagenesis dominates. Third-order sedimentary sequences exhibit stacking geometries that reflect background second-order sea-level trends. Retrogradational sequence sets develop during second-order sea-level rise (e.g., in rift or foreland basins). Such sequence sets show relative domination by marine diagenesis. Aggradational sequence sets develop during second-order sea-level stillstand to moderate rise (e.g., early post-rift phase in extensional basins). Moderate meteoric water diagenesis and porosity modification occur at sequence boundaries, followed by burial diagenesis. Progradational sequence sets develop on passive margins during second-order sea-level stillstand to fall. This setting supports deep, amalgamated karstification, extensive phreatic meteoric diagenesis, and—under arid conditions—reflux dolomitization. First-order Icehouse conditions are characterized by high-frequency, high-amplitude sea-level cycles that favor development of rimmed carbonate shelves. The mainly aragonitic sediments deposited on these aggraded shelves experience high degrees of meteoric diagenesis and porosity modification. Greenhouse conditions are characterized by lower-frequency, low-amplitude sea-level cycles that favor development of carbonate ramps. The calcite sediments deposited here result in relatively muted meteoric diagenesis and porosity modifications. Two case histories illustrate the basic concepts of early diagenetic porosity evolution: (1) the Southwest Andrews Area, an Icehouse Permian–Pennsylvanian rimmed shelf margin reservoir (Permian, West Texas), and (2) ramp sequences of the Kwanza and Lower Congo basins, Greenhouse Albian Pinda Group (Cretaceous, offshore Angola).

Three economically important case histories serve as illustrations of the integration of analyses of depositional environments, sequence stratigraphic architecture, and porosity evolution during diagenesis, as a means of maximizing effectiveness of reservoir production and/or modelling: (1) the Paleozoic Madison Formation of central Wyoming, (2) the Upper Jurassic Smackover Formation of the central Gulf of Mexico, and (3) the Tertiary Malampaya buildup, offshore Philippines. The three embody a broad range of geologic contexts (e.g., icehouse versus greenhouse during deposition) and different approaches for optimizing development programs (e.g., use of surface analogs, 3D seismically based reservoir modelling). High drilling costs during development of the deep (23,000ft.) Madden Field in the Wyoming Madison Formation (due to high temperature, pressure, and H2S content of the gas) mandated high efficiency during development. Meticulous evaluation of a surface outcrop analog and maximized collection of analog data were the primary means of assuring optimal reservoir development. The Upper Jurassic Smackover trend in the central Gulf of Mexico illustrates revitalization of a mature petroleum fairway through application of sequence stratigraphic interpretation. Previously overlooked lowstand siliciclastic slope fans become geographically and stratigraphically predictable reservoir targets when understood in their proper sequence stratigraphic framework. The 3D seismic grid over the drowned isolated Oligocene–Miocene Malampaya platform, offshore Philippines, is integrated with geologic and petrophysical data from sparse well control and field-wide depositional and diagenetic models in order to develop a reservoir simulation model of the reservoir.

Reservoir management is an important topic in the oil industry today. Conferences, forums, short courses, and technical papers, written and attended by engineers, geologists, geophysicists, petrophysicists, and managers discuss various aspects of reservoir management. A critical component of reservoir management is the accurate characterization of the hydrocarbon asset, called reservoir characterization. The topic of this course is the process of sequence-stratigraphic interpretation and characterization of carbonate reservoirs. Because of the overwhelming mass of information most reservoir geoscientists keep up with either some aspects of sequence-stratigraphy, or some aspects of reservoir characterization, but typically not both. The authors believe that the two disciplines are so intimately related that the sequence framework should be considered a critical piece of the integrated puzzle.

This revised edition of the bestselling Practice of Reservoir Engineering has been written for those in the oil industry requiring a working knowledge of how the complex subject of hydrocarbon reservoir engineering can be applied in the field in a practical manner. Containing additions and corrections to the first edition, the book is a simple statement of how to do the job and is particularly suitable for reservoir/production engineers as well as those associated with hydrocarbon recovery. This practical book approaches the basic limitations of reservoir engineering with the basic tenet of science: Occam's Razor, which applies to reservoir engineering to a greater extent than for most physical sciences - if there are two ways to account for a physical phenomenon, it is the simpler that is the more useful. Therefore, simplicity is the theme of this volume. Reservoir and production engineers, geoscientists, petrophysicists, and those involved in the management of oil and gas fields will want this edition.

Sequence stratigraphy is a powerful tool for the prediction of depositional porosity and permeability, but does not account for the impact of diagenesis on these reservoir parameters. Therefore, integrating diagenesis and sequence stratigraphy can provide a better way of predicting reservoir quality. This special publication consists of 19 papers (reviews and case studies) exploring different aspects of the integration of diagenesis and sequence stratigraphy in carbonate, siliciclastic, and mixed carbonate-siliciclastic successions from various geological settings. This book will be of interest to sedimentary petrologists aiming to understand the distribution of diagenesis in siliciclastic and carbonate successions, to sequence stratigraphers who can use diagenetic features to recognize and verify interpreted key stratigraphic surfaces, and to petroleum geologists who wish to develop more realistic conceptual models for the spatial and temporal distribution of reservoir quality. This book is part of the International Association of Sedimentologists (IAS) Special Publications. The Special Publications from the IAS are a set of thematic volumes edited by specialists on subjects of central interest to sedimentologists. Papers are reviewed and printed to the same high standards as those published in the journal Sedimentology and several of these volumes have become standard works of reference.

Sequence stratigraphy is a powerful tool for the prediction of depositional porosity and permeability, but does not account for the impact of diagenesis on these reservoir parameters. Therefore, integrating diagenesis and sequence stratigraphy can provide a better way of predicting reservoir quality. This special publication consists of 19 papers (reviews and case studies) exploring different aspects of the integration of diagenesis and sequence stratigraphy in carbonate, siliciclastic, and mixed carbonate-siliciclastic successions from various geological settings. This book will be of interest to sedimentary petrologists aiming to understand the distribution of diagenesis in siliciclastic and carbonate successions, to sequence stratigraphers who can use diagenetic features to recognize and verify interpreted key stratigraphic surfaces, and to petroleum geologists who wish to develop more realistic conceptual models for the spatial and temporal distribution of reservoir quality. This book is part of the International Association of Sedimentologists (IAS) Special Publications. The Special Publications from the IAS are a set of thematic volumes edited by specialists on subjects of central interest to sedimentologists. Papers are reviewed and printed to the same high standards as those published in the journal Sedimentology and several of these volumes have become standard works of reference.