Commercial Waxes

Contents - PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION - PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION - INTRODUCTION - ABBREVIATIONS - 1. NATURAL WAXES - Mineral Waxes: Paraffin Wax; Microcrystalline Waxes; Petrolatum Wax; Ozokerite; Ceresin; Utah Wax; Montan Wax - Vegetable Waxes: Botanical Origin of Waxes - Solubility of Vegetable Waxes - Carnauba Wax - Flower Wax - First Wax - Medium Wax - Sandy Wax - Fat Wax - Candelilla Wax - Japan Wax - Ucuhuba Wax - 2. MANUFACTURED AND SYNTHETIC WAXES - Fatty Alcohols: Cetyl Alcohol; Lanette Wax; Technical Stearyl Alcohol - Fatty Acids: Stearic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Myristic Acid; Distilled Fatty Acids; Solubility of Fatty Acids - Polyglycols: Carbowaxes - Polyhydric Alcohol Fatty Acid Esters: Glyceryl Stearates - Glycol Fatty-Acid Esters - Sorbitol Stearates - Pentawaxes - Hydrogenated Oils: Opalwax - Chlorinated Naphthalenes: Halowax; Seekay Wax - Acrawaxes: Acrawax B; Acrawax C. - I. G. Waxes - Miscellaneous Synthetic Waxes - COMMERCIAL WAXES - Albacer - Diolin- Flexo Wax - C-Glyco Waxes- Stroba Wax - Ketones, Amines, Amides, and Nitriles- 16-Hentriacontanone - Octadecyl-Hexadecyl Amine - Octadecylamine- Armids- Octadecanamide-Hexadecanamide - Octadecane Nitrile-Octadecane-Hexadecane Nitrile - Santowaxes - Santowax R - Alcowaxes - Alcowax-M - Alcowax-G - 3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WAXES AND WAX COMPOSITIONS - Increasing the Viscosity of Molten Waxes - Penetration - Surface Tension of Waxes - Adhesiveness - Increasing Compatibility - Raising the Melting Point of Waxes: Raising the Melting Point of Petrolatum - Effects of a Wax Sizing on the Moisture Absorption of Insulating Board - Pliolite-Paraffin Wax Compositions - Specific Heat of Petroleum Waxes - Melting Points of Binary Wax Mixtures - Solubility of Waxes: Solubility of Waxes in Different Solvents - Compatibility of Paraffin Waxes with Other Substances - Compatibility of Mixed Fatty Acids - Compounded Waxes - 4. WAX TECHNOLOGY - Adulteration - Quality Variations Simple Tests: Melting Point - Specific Gravity - Moisture and Insoluble Matter - Accurate Determination of Specific Gravity: Preparation of Sample - Determination of Specific Gravity at 25/25°C - Identification of Mixed Waxes: Schematic Outline for Identification - Separation and Comparison of the Properties of the Wax Components - Spermaceti - Beeswax - Carnauba Wax - Candelilla Wax - Montan Wax - Paraffin Wax - Ozokerite - 5. WAXES IN INDUSTRY - Dental Waxes: Method of Producing Base-Plate Wax - Lipsticks - Pharmaceutical Preparations - Embalming Preparations - Pyrotechnics - Candles: Wicks- Winding- Candle Sizes - Machinery - Wax Candles - Paraffin Candles - Temperature Control-Colors, Sizes, and Shapes - Standard Candle - Melting Point of Wax Mixtures - Congealing Point of Candles - Leather Finishes - Paper Finishes - Waterproofing Kraft Papers - Evaluation of Waxes for Paper Board: Stain and Flow Test at 130°F - Softening and Melting Point - Flexibility and Strength - Viscosity - Surface Tension - Permeability - Degree of Impregnation - Effect of Wax on the Strength of Board - Electrolyte Penetration Test - 6. GLOSSARY - SPECIAL TABLES AND SUBSTITUTES 7. WAX FORMULARY - Adhesives and Cements - Agricultural and Garden Specialties - Building Materials- Carbon Paper, Inks, and Crayons - Cosmetics and Medicinal Preparations - Dental Preparations - Emulsions - Full TOC available on Website

The food packaging industry is experiencing one of the most relevant revolutions associated with the transition from fossil-based polymers to new materials of renewable origin. However, high production costs, low performance, and ethical issues still hinder the market penetration of bioplastics. Recently, coating technology was proposed as an additional strategy for achieving a more rational use of the materials used within the food packaging sector. According to the packaging optimization concept, the use of multifunctional thin layers would enable the replacement of multi-layer and heavy structures, thus reducing the upstream amount of packaging materials while maintaining (or even improving) the functional properties of the final package to pursue the goal of overall shelf life extension. Concurrently, the increasing requirements among consumers for convenience, smaller package sizes, and for minimally processed, fresh, and healthy foods have necessitated the design of highly sophisticated and engineered coatings. To this end, new chemical pathways, new raw materials (e.g., biopolymers), and non-conventional deposition technologies have been used. Nanotechnology, in particular, paved the way for the development of new architectures and never-before-seen patterns that eventually yielded nanostructured and nanocomposite coatings with outstanding performance. This book covers the most recent advances in the coating technology applied to the food packaging sector, with special emphasis on active coatings and barrier coatings intended for the shelf life extension of perishable foods.

COMMERCIAL WAXES NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC- Including Properties, Uses, Methods of Handling and Formulas for Making Commercial Wax Compositions. A SYMPOSIUM AND COMPILATION Edited by H. BENNETT. PREFACE: Natural waxes and wax-lifle materials have been used, from time immemorial, for candles, waterproofing, sealing, decorative, preservative, and other purposes. Synthetic waxes and wax-like materials, developed in the last decade, are finding increasing use and are supplanting natural waxes for many purposes. Since different waxes have different properties, each one is used to obtain certain end results. Whereas certain waxes are used alone, as paraffin wax in waxed papers, other uses require com binations of different waxes, resins, etc., to obtain a desired result. Because there is no one source of information available on the waxes used in industry, the writer was asked to prepare a book on commercial waxes for the chemist, engineer, superin tendent, purchasing agent, and student. It is hoped that this book will be helpful to these and others who are interested in commercial waxes and wax compositions. Much of the data given herein is from the writer's own laboratory and has never been disclosed. Grateful acknowledgment is made to Allan B. Olsen, both for data supplied by him and his constructive criticism of the manuscript. H. BENNETT. Contents include: PREFACE iii INTRODUCTION xi ABBREVIATIONS xv I. NATURAL WAXES 1 Mineral Waxes 1 Paraffin Wax 1 Macrocrystalline Waxes 60 Petrolatum Wax 68 Ozokerite 68 Ceresin 71 Utah Wax 71 Montan Wax 72 Vegetable Waxes 73 Botanical Origin of Waxes 73 Solubility of Vegetable Waxes 74 Carnauba Wax 74 Candelilla Wax . . .: 77 Japan Wax 79 Ucuhuba Wax 80 Bayberry Wax 80 Ouricury Wax 81 Cocoa Butter 82 Fiber Wax 82 Cotton Wax 83 Flax Wax 84 Sugar Cane Wax 84 Animal Waxes 85 Spermaceti 85 v vi Table of Contents CHAPTER PAGE I. NATURAL WAXES ( Cont.): Insect Waxes 86 Beeswax 86 Chinese Wax 89 Shellac Wax 89 II. MANUFACTURED AND SYNTHETIC WAXES 91 Fatty Alcohols 91 Cetyl Alcohol 91 Lanette Wax 93 Technical Stearyl Alcohol 94 Fatty Acids 94 Stearic Acid 94 Palmitic Acid 97 Myristic Acid 98 Distilled Fatty Acids 99 Polyglycols 101 Carbowax 101 Polyhydric Alcohol Fatty Acid Esters 105 Glyceryl Stearates 105 Glycol Stearates 107 Sorbitol Stearates 110 Pentaerythritol Stearates Ill Pentawaxes Ill Hydrogenated Oils Ill Opalwax 112 Chlorinated Naphthalenes 117 Halowax 117 Seekay Wax 117 Acrawaxes 119 Acrawax B 120 Acrawax C 121 I. G. Waxes 123 Miscellaneous Synthetic Waxes 127 Albacer 128 Adheso Wax 128 Table of Contents vii CHAPTER PAGE II. MANUFACTURED AND SYNTHETIC ' WAXES ( Cont.): Miscellaneous Synthetic Waxes ( Cont.): B. Z. Wax A 129 Ceraflux ( Tech) 129 Diolin 129 Flexo Wax C 130 Gelowax 130 Glycowax A 131 Nipocer 131 Ozowax 132 Rezowax A 132 Rezowax B 132 Stroba Wax 133 Ketones, Amines, Amides, Nitriles 133 16-Hentriacontanone 133 Octadecyl-Hexadecyl Amine 135 Octadecylamine 135 CD Amides 136 Octadecanamide-Hexadecanamide 139 Octadecane nitrile 140 Octadecane-Hexadecane Nitrile 140 Santowaxes 141 Santowax OSA and Santowax PSA 148 Santowax R ( Regular) 148 III. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WAXES AND WAX COMPOSITIONS 153 IV. WAX TECHNOLOGY 233 Commercial Wax Solutions 253 Emulsions 261 V. WAXES IN INDUSTRY 267 Dental Waxes 267 Lipsticks 268.

The petroleum waxes are semi refined or fully refined products obtained during the processing of crude oil. According to their structure they are divided into macrocrystalline waxes (paraffin waxes) and microcrystalline waxes (ceresine, petrolatum, others). Grease, thick, oily lubricant consisting of inedible lard, the rendered fat of waste animal parts, or a petroleum-derived or synthetic oil containing a thickening agent. Greases of mineral or synthetic origin consist of a thickening agent dispersed in a liquid lubricant such as petroleum oil or a synthetic fluid. Diesel fuel, also called diesel oil, combustible liquid used as fuel for diesel engines, ordinarily obtained from fractions of crude oil that are less volatile than the fractions used in gasoline. Lubricating oil, sometimes simply called lubricant/lube, is a class of oils used to reduce the friction, heat, and wear between mechanical components that are in contact with each other. Lubricating oil is used in motorized vehicles, where it is known specifically as motor oil and transmission fluid. The global wax market was valued at around USD 9 billion in 2017 and is expected to reach approximately USD 12 billion in 2024, growing at a CAGR of slightly above 3.5% between 2018 and 2024.The India lubricant market is expected to register a CAGR of 4.64%, during the forecast period, 2018-2023. The major factors driving the growth of the market are the increasing vehicular production along with the growing industrial sector. The global market for lubricants is expected to reach USD 70.32 billion by 2020. The global grease market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 2.13% during the forecast period, 2018 - 2023.Aviation fuel market size will grow by over USD 34 billion during 2018-2022 Some of the fundamentals of the book are composition of the petroleum waxes, solvent extraction, greases and solid lubricants, solid fuels, other significant tests or properties, gaseous fuels, properties of waxes, gasoline, diesel fuel oils, automotive, diesel and aviation fuels, special processes for motor-fuel blending components, crude distillation, lubricating oils, lubricating greases, nature of lubricating oils, photographs of machinery with suppliers contact details A total guide to manufacturing and entrepreneurial success in one of todayÕs most lucrative petroleum industry. This book is one-stop guide to one of the fastest growing sectors of the petroleum industry, where opportunities abound for manufacturers, retailers, and entrepreneurs. This is the only complete handbook on the commercial production of petroleum products. It serves up a feast of how-to information, from concept to purchasing equipment.