Counterflows

This book discusses the physical mechanisms that drive counterflows, examining how they emerge, develop, become double and multiple counterflows and comprise both global and local circulations. Counterflows play an important role in nature and technology. A natural example is the Gulf Stream and the opposite flow in the ocean depths. Technological applications include hydrocyclones, vortex tubes and vortex combustors. These elongated counterflows are wildly turbulent but survive intense mixing, a seeming paradox. Local counterflows, whose spatial extent is small compared with that of surrounding flows, occur behind bluff bodies and in swirling streams. The latter are often referred to as vortex breakdown bubbles, which occur in tornadoes and above delta wings. Most scale counterflows are cosmic bipolar jets. Most miniature counterflows occur in capillary menisci of electrosprays and fuel atomisers.

The Mai Jing or Pulse Classic was written in the late Han dynasty by Wang Shu-he. It is the first book in the Chinese medical literature entirely devoted tp pulse diagnosis. As such, it is the undeniable and necessary foundation text for anyone seriously interested in understanding the rationale for and method of reading the pulse in Chinese medicine. Although not an easy read, this book is a mine of valuable information for those wishing to go more deeply into a study of the pulse.