Creep Of Steel At High Temperatures

Creep-resistant steels are widely used in the petroleum, chemical and power generation industries. Creep-resistant steels must be reliable over very long periods of time at high temperatures and in severe environments. Understanding and improving long-term creep strength is essential for safe operation of plant and equipment. This book provides an authoritative summary of key research in this important area. The first part of the book describes the specifications and manufacture of creep-resistant steels. Part two covers the behaviour of creep-resistant steels and methods for strengthening them. The final group of chapters analyses applications in such areas as turbines and nuclear reactors. With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Creep-resistant steels is a valuable reference for the power generation, petrochemical and other industries which use high strength steels at elevated temperatures. Describes the specifications and manufacture of creep-resistant steels Strengthening methods are discussed in detail Different applications are analysed including turbines and nuclear reactors

Excerpt from The Creep of Steel at High Temperatures This investigation on the creep resistance of steels was undertaken at the request of the Babcock & Wilcox Co., to provide engineering data at the higher temperatures. The work was carried out in the Department of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The difficulties in the path of accurately determining the creep resistance are evidenced by the wide diversity of values obtained by different experimenters, and there is still much to be done on the development of research apparatus. The type of flow occurring ¡11 steel is not certain, even after the subject has been studied by scores of experimenters. There is need of more fundamental research. In the meantime, however, the designer requires engineering data on a large variety of steels for high temperature use. It has been attempted here to supply this data for a considerable number of materials at the higher temperatures. The author desires to express his indebtedness to Mr. J. B. Romer for the inetallographic examination of the test specimens, and to Prof. Albert Sauveur and Dr. R. S. Williams for examining the manuscript. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

* Numerous line drawings with consistent format and units allow easy comparison of the behavior of a very wide range of materials * Transmission electron micrographs provide a direct insight in the basic microstructure of metals deforming at high temperatures * Extensive literature review of over 1000 references provide an excellent reference document, and a very balanced discussion Understanding the strength of materials at a range of temperatures is critically important to a huge number of researchers and practitioners from a wide range of fields and industry sectors including metallurgists, industrial designers, aerospace R&D personnel, and structural engineers. The most up-to date and comprehensive book in the field, Fundamentals of Creep in Metals and Alloys discusses the fundamentals of time-dependent plasticity or creep plasticity in metals, alloys and metallic compounds. This is the first book of its kind that provides broad coverage of a range of materials not just a sub-group such as metallic compounds, superalloys or crystals. As such it presents the most balanced view of creep for all materials scientists. The theory of all of these phenomena are extensively reviewed and analysed in view of an extensive bibliography that includes the most recent publications in the field. All sections of the book have undergone extensive peer review and therefore the reader can be sure they have access to the most up-to-date research, fully interrogated, from the world’s leading investigators. · Numerous line drawings with consistent format and units allow easy comparison of the behavior of a very wide range of materials · Transmission electron micrographs provide a direct insight in the basic microstructure of metals deforming at high temperatures · Extensive literature review of over 1000 references provide an excellent reference document, and a very balanced discussion

A compendium of European and worldwide research investigating creep, fatigue and failure behaviors in metals under high-temperature and other service stresses. It helps set the standards for coordinating creep data and for maintaining defect-free quality in high-temperature metals and metal-based weldments.

Excerpt from The Creep of Steel at High Temperatures Above red heat, steel has yielding characteristics not usually associated with it at ordinary temperatures. We do not, as yet, have sufficient information to indicate definitely into which class of solid or fluid flow hot steel belongs. It may be either a plastic solid or a viscous fluid, or combine the properties of both. A viscous fluid, of which pitch is a good example, has the flow characteristics Shown in curve (a) of Fig. 1. The rate of flow is proportional to the load, even down to the smallest values, and yet a great resistance may be Offered against loads acting for a short time. This class of materials has no true elasticity and therefore no yield point. A plastic solid, such as wet clay, has flow characteristics as shown in curve (b) of Fig. 1. Here we have a more complicated condition. Until the load reaches a certain value there is no flow or extension, but after this point is reached the flow increases regularly in proportion to the load in excess of this value. It will be noted that the flow curve does not reach zero at a definite value of load, but approaches the axis gradually. We do not know the exact cause of this departure from a straight line at low flow rates, but it is probably due to the fact that plastic solids are made up of grains or particles of various sizes and shapes and some are less resistant to pressure than others. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.