Dark Energy Dark Matter And Anti Gravity

The universe is full of matter and the attractive force of gravity pulls all matter together. The expansion of the universe has not been slowing due to gravity, as everyone thought, it has been accelerating. Maybe it was a result of a long-discarded version of Einstein's theory of gravity, one that contained what was called a "cosmological constant." Maybe there was some strange kind of energy-fluid that filled space. Maybe there is something wrong with Einstein's theory of gravity and a new theory could include some kind of field that creates this cosmic acceleration. It turns out that roughly 68percent of the universe is dark energy. Dark matter makes up about 27percent. The rest - everything on Earth, everything ever observed with all of our instruments, all normal matter - adds up to less than 5percent of the universe. Come to think of it, maybe it shouldn't be called "normal" matter at all, since it is such a small fraction of the universe. Balungi Francis explains this major conundrum in modern science and looks at how scientists are beginning to find solutions to it.

This book brings together reviews from leading international authorities on the developments in the study of dark matter and dark energy, as seen from both their cosmological and particle physics side. Studying the physical and astrophysical properties of the dark components of our Universe is a crucial step towards the ultimate goal of unveiling their nature. The work developed from a doctoral school sponsored by the Italian Society of General Relativity and Gravitation. The book starts with a concise introduction to the standard cosmological model, as well as with a presentation of the theory of linear perturbations around a homogeneous and isotropic background. It covers the particle physics and cosmological aspects of dark matter and (dynamical) dark energy, including a discussion of how modified theories of gravity could provide a possible candidate for dark energy. A detailed presentation is also given of the possible ways of testing the theory in terms of cosmic microwave background, galaxy redshift surveys and weak gravitational lensing observations. Included is a chapter reviewing extensively the direct and indirect methods of detection of the hypothetical dark matter particles. Also included is a self-contained introduction to the techniques and most important results of numerical (e.g. N-body) simulations in cosmology. " This volume will be useful to researchers, PhD and graduate students in Astrophysics, Cosmology Physics and Mathematics, who are interested in cosmology, dark matter and dark energy.

Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Dark Gravity make life possible!This book for the lay reader provides a summary of the latest astrophysical observational results and theoretical insights into what we know and what we hope to learn about dark matter, dark energy, and dark gravity.How did the profound beauty of our Earth, our Solar System, our Milky Way galaxy and indeed our universe unfold? Dark matter, dark energy, and dark gravity have made all the difference in how the universe has developed, and have been key to creating the overall environment that makes life possible. We have only recently developed the ability to begin unlocking their secrets, thus providing a deeper insight into how a universe of our type is possible. It seems that because of dark matter, dark energy and dark (weak) gravity, our universe has the right attributes for the development of complex structure and the evolution of intelligent life that can engage in the quest to understand our world. These "dark" or more hidden attributes of the cosmos have very good outcomes.In particular, the existence of dark matter makes it easier to form complex structures, including galaxies, stars and planets through gravitational collapse of denser regions of the universe. Planets are the most suitable abodes for the development of life. Dark energy acts to extend the lifetime of the universe by counteracting gravity and driving continued expansion of the universe.Even as far back as the 1930s there has been evidence that most of the matter in the universe was not visible via electromagnetic radiation (optical light, radio waves, etc.). By the last few decades of the 20th century, the case for a considerable amount of this dark matter was very strong. It is the second largest contributor to the total mass-energy of the universe. We don't know what it is and there are various candidates to explain it; nevertheless we see the gravitational effects of dark matter everywhere on the largest scales. Recent observational results indicate that dark matter dominates by a factor of 6 relative to the ordinary matter that makes up stars, planets, and living things.We now know that the major contributor to the mass-energy of the universe is not the substantial dark matter, but the 'newer' so-called dark energy. Dark energy acts to some extent as a negative gravity, and for the last several billion years has driven the expansion of the universe to a faster and faster pace, overcoming even the gravitational effect of dark matter. We have a general idea that it is the irreducible energy found in every volume of space, even in the absence of matter - in the vacuum. We don't understand why it takes the value that it does, one that is small in quantum particle physics terms, but nevertheless is of great significance on the large cosmological scale of the universe. The third important aspect to consider is not a mass-energy component, but the nature of gravity and space-time. The big question here is - why is gravity so relatively weak, as compared to the other 3 forces of nature? These 3 forces are the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force. Gravity is different - it has a dark or hidden side. It may very well operate in extra dimensions beyond the normal 4 dimensions of space-time that we can observe. This is what we mean in this book by "dark gravity".

Through a short story I will provide answers to some questions that many of us are asking about our Universe. And in particular, I will explain where would be the missing mass of the Universe (the Dark Matter) and what would be the Dark Energy and the Dark Matter. I will also discuss what happens inside a black-hole when a planet is sucked in: I have broken down the global movement into two separate movements... I have analyzed the consequences of my analysis on black-holes for our Universe and the conclusions are very interesting! My analysis allowed me to address the following points: the Energy Density of the Vacuum of the space, the Cosmological Constant, the Hubble Constant, the expansion of our Universe and the acceleration of this expansion, the compatibility links between my Theory and the current physics, … I have also shown the extraordinary power of the Gravity! And I have also shown that far-away travels into the space would be possible, in agreement with my Theory, by reducing the number of obstacles! Finally, I have mentioned the new questions that arise when some answers are found... and in particular what technology to make a spacecraft that could go at a speed close to the speed of light?

Advances made by physicists in understanding matter, space, and time and by astronomers in understanding the universe as a whole have closely intertwined the question being asked about the universe at its two extremesâ€"the very large and the very small. This report identifies 11 key questions that have a good chance to be answered in the next decade. It urges that a new research strategy be created that brings to bear the techniques of both astronomy and sub-atomic physics in a cross-disciplinary way to address these questions. The report presents seven recommendations to facilitate the necessary research and development coordination. These recommendations identify key priorities for future scientific projects critical for realizing these scientific opportunities.

A unifying theory that covers dark matter, dark energy, gravity, space and negative energy by means of observation, citation, and deduction, revealing a fundamental definition for both space and gravity, support of dark energy theory, explanation of dark matter, revealing additional structure and properties of baryonic atoms, and revising estimates of the longevity of the universe. Other matters discussed are aerospace, anti-gravity, artificial gravity, gravitational waves, wormholes, cold fusion, cold fission, health and wellbeing, and the earth's atmosphere and global warming. The Grand Unification of Dark Matters theory is almost a certainty at this point, but will require validation and spark significant research and advancements in the areas of physics, space, cosmology, energy, health and various applied sciences. Expand your knowledge and perception of the universe, with this exciting new theory based on 3,700 years of written history, and who knows how long mankind has recognized this raw energy of the universe as being essential to your life, health and wellbeing.

A thought provoking read for those with an interest in what causes gravity and matter's close relationship with dark energy. The book is written for the layman. There are no mathematics but some prior knowledge of physical principles will help provide a clearer understanding. It is more of a philosophical approach to some of science's unanswered questions.

This work provides the current theory and observations behind the cosmological phenomenon of dark energy. The approach is comprehensive with rigorous mathematical theory and relevant astronomical observations discussed in context. The book treats the background and history starting with the new-found importance of Einstein’s cosmological constant (proposed long ago) in dark energy formulation, as well as the frontiers of dark energy. The authors do not presuppose advanced knowledge of astronomy, and basic mathematical concepts used in modern cosmology are presented in a simple, but rigorous way. All this makes the book useful for both astronomers and physicists, and also for university students of physical sciences.