Developments In High Temperature Corrosion And Protection Of Materials

High temperature corrosion is a phenomenon that occurs in components that operate at very high temperatures, such as gas turbines, jet engines and industrial plants. Engineers are constantly striving to understand and prevent this type of corrosion. This book examines the latest developments in the understanding of high temperature corrosion processes and protective oxide scales and coatings. Part one looks at high temperature corrosion. Chapters cover diffusion and solid state reactions, external and internal oxidation of alloys, metal dusting corrosion, tribological degradation, hot corrosion, and oxide scales on hot-rolled steel strips. Modern techniques for analysing high temperature oxidation and corrosion are also discussed. Part two discusses methods of protection using ceramics, composites, protective oxide scales and coatings. Chapters focus on layered ternary ceramics, alumina scales, Ti-Al intermetallic compounds, metal matrix composites, chemical vapour deposited silicon carbide, nanocrystalline coatings and thermal barrier coatings. Part three provides case studies illustrating some of the challenges of high temperature corrosion to industry and how they can be overcome. Case studies include the petrochemical industry, modern incinerators and oxidation processing of electronic materials. This book is a valuable reference tool for engineers who develop heat resistant materials, mechanical engineers who design and maintain high temperature equipment and plant, and research scientists and students who study high temperature corrosion and protection of materials. Describes the latest developments in understanding high temperature corrosion Presents the latest research by the leading innovators from around the globe Case studies are provided to illustrate key points

High Temperature Coatings, Second Edition, demonstrates how to counteract the thermal effects of rapid corrosion and degradation of exposed materials and equipment that can occur under high operating temperatures. This is the first true practical guide on the use of thermally protective coatings for high-temperature applications, including the latest developments in materials used for protective coatings. It covers the make-up and behavior of such materials under thermal stress and the methods used for applying them to specific types of substrates, as well as invaluable advice on inspection and repair of existing thermal coatings. With his long experience in the aerospace gas turbine industry, the author has compiled the very latest in coating materials and coating technologies, as well as hard-to-find guidance on maintaining and repairing thermal coatings, including appropriate inspection protocols. The book is supplemented with the latest reference information and additional support to help readers find more application- and industry-type coatings specifications and uses. Offers an overview of the underlying fundamental concepts of thermally-protective coatings, including thermodynamics, energy kinetics, crystallography and equilibrium phases Covers essential chemistry and physics of underlying substrates, including steels, nickel-iron alloys, nickel-cobalt alloys and titanium alloys Provides detailed guidance on a wide variety of coating types, including those used against high temperature corrosion and oxidative degradation and thermal barrier coatings

The book is concerned with understanding the fundamental mechanisms of high temperature alloy oxidation. It uses this understanding to develop methods of predicting oxidation rates and the way they change with temperature, gas chemistry and alloy composition. The focus is on designing (or selecting) alloy compositions which provide optimal resistance to attack by corrosive gases. . Emphasises quantitative calculations for predicting reaction rates and the effects of temperature, oxidant activities and alloy compositions. . Uses phase diagrams and diffusion paths to analyse and interpret scale structures and internal precipitation distributions . Provides a detailed examination of corrosion in industrial gases (water vapour effects, carburisation and metal dusting, sulphidation) . Text is well supported by numerous micrographs, phase diagrams and tabulations of relevant thermodynamic and kinetic data . Combines physical chemistry and materials science methodologies.

" ... papers presented at the Fourth International Symposium on High Temperature Corrosion and Materials Chemistry, held at the 203rd meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Inc., in Paris, France, April 30- May 2, 2003"--Preface.

George Lai's 1990 book, High-Temperature Corrosion of Engineering Alloys, is recognized as authoritative and is frequently consulted and often cited by those in the industry. His new book, almost double in size with seven more chapters, addresses the new concerns, new technologies, and new materials available for those engaged in high-temperature applications. As we strive for energy efficiency, the realm of high-temperature environments is expanding and the need for information on high temperature materials applications was never greater. In addition to extensive expansion on most of the content of the original book, new topics include erosion and erosion-corrosion, low NOx combustion in coal-fired boilers, fluidized bed combustion, and the special demands of waste-to-energy boilers, waste incinerators, and black liquor recovery boilers in the pulp and paper industry. The corrosion induced by liquid metals is discussed and protection options are presented.

Volume is indexed by Thomson Reuters CPCI-S (WoS).This special volume addresses fundamental and practical aspects of high-temperature corrosion and protection. It stresses that devoting attention to an understanding of the corrosion problems encountered by contemporary industry, and providing opportunities for extended interaction, could lead to approaches for improving the performance of materials and protective measures. The book is divided into the topics: I. Materials and Coatings for Gas Turbines, II. Power Boilers and Incinerators; H2 Syngas and Biofuel Production, III. HT Materials for Nuclear Processes, IV. HT Corrosion in the Processing Industries, V. HT Corrosion of Functional Materials and Coatings, VI. Fundamentals.The 131 papers covered all aspects of the development, testing and determination of mechanisms of the degradation of coatings. Continued efforts aimed at understanding the mechanisms of formation, growth and failure of protective scales (including approaches to modelling) were another major area of interest, and accounted for nearly a quarter of the papers. A further 20% of the papers are concerned with materials issues linked to current trends in power generation: specifically, oxidation in steam/water vapor, the effects of firing biomass, the use of oxy-fuel conditions, and materials issues associated with nuclear power generation. Overall, the ratio of papers addressing practical problems, to those concerned more with fundamental aspects, was approximately 2:1; which was a good reflection on the intent of the original plan. Proceedings of an international symposium held in Les Embiez, France, in May 2008, addressing fundamental and practical aspects of high- temperature (HT) corrosion and protection of materials. The two-volume set features 131 contributions organized into six sections. The first, on materials and coatings for gas turbines, examines lifetime issues, modes of failure, oxidation and hot corrosion, and trends and developments. Articles in the second section-power boilers and incinerators, H2 singas and biofuels production-deal with advanced steam conditions, fireside corrosion, oxy-firing, use of alternative fuels, gasification, high-temperature electrolysis, and thermochemical processes. The third section, HT materials for nuclear processes, addresses various types of reactors-pressurized-water, European pressured, high-temperature, very high-temperature, and fusion-supercritical water-cooled processes, and molten metals and salts. The fourth, HT corrosion in the process industries, focuses on the steel industry, electrometallurgy, glass and ceramics production, refining, and the petrochemical and chemical industries. The fifth, HT corrosion of functional materials and coatings, examines materials for automotive applications, burners, filters, and fuel cells. The final section on fundamentals addresses various mechanisms and new techniques for measurement and characterization of corrosion.

This book assesses the state of the art of coatings materials and processes for gas-turbine blades and vanes, determines potential applications of coatings in high-temperature environments, identifies needs for improved coatings in terms of performance enhancements, design considerations, and fabrication processes, assesses durability of advanced coating systems in expected service environments, and discusses the required inspection, repair, and maintenance methods. The promising areas for research and development of materials and processes for improved coating systems and the approaches to increased coating standardization are identified, with an emphasis on materials and processes with the potential for improved performance, quality, reproducibility, or manufacturing cost reduction.