Human Rights In A Pluralist World

Based on two international conferences on human rights (sponsored, in part, by UNESCO): the first was held in Maastricht, the Netherlands, Sept. 1987; the second in Middleburg, the Netherlands, June 1988. The major objective of the conferences was to undertake a systematic analysis of the title topic in order to increase understanding of the issues in different cultural, religious, and socioeconomic contexts. The 21 contributions are not indexed, nor is a coherent bibliography provided. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

In 1948 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which declared that every human being, without “distinction of any kind,” possesses a set of morally authoritative rights and fundamental freedoms that ought to be socially guaranteed. Since that time, human rights have arguably become the cross-cultural moral concept and evaluative tool to measure the performance—and even legitimacy—of domestic regimes. Yet questions remain that challenge their universal validity and theoretical bases. Some theorists are ”maximalist” in their insistence that human rights must be grounded religiously, while an opposing camp attempts to justify these rights in “minimalist” fashion without any necessary recourse to religion, metaphysics, or essentialism. In Grounding Human Rights in a Pluralist World, Grace Kao critically examines the strengths and weaknesses of these contending interpretations while also exploring the political liberalism of John Rawls and the Capability Approach as proposed by economist Amartya Sen and philosopher Martha Nussbaum. By retrieving insights from a variety of approaches, Kao defends an account of human rights that straddles the minimalist–maximalist divide, one that links human rights to a conception of our common humanity and to the notion that ethical realism gives the most satisfying account of our commitment to the equal moral worth of all human beings.

Human rights have transformed the way in which we conceive the place of the individual within the community and in relation to the state in a vast array of disciplines, including law, philosophy, politics, sociology, geography. The published output on human rights over the last five decades has been enormous, but has remained tightly bound to a notion of human rights as dialectically linking the individual and the state. Because of human rights’ dogged focus on the state and its actions, they have very seldom attracted the attention of legal pluralists. Indeed, some may have viewed the two as simply incompatible or relating to wholly distinct phenomena. This collection of essays is the first to bring together authors with established track records in the fields of legal pluralism and human rights, to explore the ways in which these concepts can be mutually reinforcing, delegitimizing, or competing. The essays reveal that there is no facile conclusion to reach but that the question opens avenues which are likely to be mined for years to come by those interested in how human rights can affect the behaviour of individuals and institutions.

The argument that religion provides the only compelling foundation for human rights is both challenging and thought-provoking and answering it is of fundamental importance to the furthering of the human rights agenda. This book establishes an equally compelling non-religious foundation for the idea of human rights, engaging with the writings of many key thinkers in the field, including Michael J. Perry, Alan Gewirth, Ronald Dworkin and Richard Rorty. Ari Kohen draws on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a political consensus of overlapping ideas from cultures and communities around the world that establishes the dignity of humans and argues that this dignity gives rise to collective human rights. In constructing this consensus, we have succeeded in establishing a practical non-religious foundation upon which the idea of human rights can rest. In Defense of Human Rights will be of interest to students and scholars of political theory, philosophy, religious studies and human rights.

What can we say about justice in a pluralist world? Is there some universal justice? Are there universal human rights? What is the function of the state in the modern world? Such are the problems dealt with by the 20th world congress of the International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy (Amsterdam, June 2001) and published in this book, which is for legal and social philosophers, students of human rights, and political philosophers.

Health rights are a common but controversial legal phenomenon. Every country is signatory to a treaty that incorporates health rights, yet existing health rights do not fit easily into the traditional "claim right" model, and questions remain over how to theoretically incorporate health rights into domestic systems. The Pluralist Right to Health Care addresses this incongruity between theory and practice with an account of the right to health care that is both philosophically and practically sound. Utilizing a pluralist framework, Michael Da Silva argues that the right to health care is best understood as a set of claims to related ends: the goods necessary for a dignified existence, procedural fairness in determining what other goods to provide and in the provision of goods, and a functioning health care system. Through philosophical reasoning, analysis of relevant international human rights law, and a close study of the Canadian case, The Pluralist Right to Health Care provides crucial insight into the potential of law and policy to improve health care systems in Canada and beyond.

Contents Brenda M. Baker: Will Kymlicka on Minority Cultures and their Entitlements - Patricia Smith: Legal Reason, Human Rights and Plural Values - B. de Castro Cid: Some paradoxes about collective human rights - Winfried Brugger: The Common Good and Pluralism in the Modern Constitutional State - Carla M. Zoethout: Does the multicultural Society Require New Human Rights? An Appeal to the Ideal of Constitutional Democracy - Valentin Petev: Legal Ought and Moral Ought in a Pluralistic Society - John Mikhail: Islamic Rationalism and the Foundation of Human Rights - Kamal Hossain: Pluralism and the Law, Evolving legal frameworks for change in Muslim societies: some reflections - Kate McMillan: Non-indigenous minority rights in the neo-liberal state: the New Zealand experience - Agnes T. M. Schreiner: Observing the differences - Christoph Eberhard / Nidhi Gupta: Towards a Pluralist and Intercultural Approach to Law: Tackling the Challenge of Women's Rights in India - Cees Maris / Sawitri Saharso: Honour Killing: A Case for Cultural Defence? - Albie Sachs: Towards the Revitalisation of Customary Law in an Egalitarian Constitutional Democracy - Christa Rautenbach: Legal Pluralism versus Gender Equality: The South African Scenario - Marek Smolak: Lustration and Reconciliation. Polish and South African experience - Luiz Fernando Coelho: The Future of Law and the Remembrance of the Future - Stephen C. Hicks: Spirit and Law: the legal person in a post-modern, global, hi-tech world - Barry J. Rodger: Globalisation and the Depoliticisation of Competition Law - David Castle: Legal Ontology and the Conservation of Biodiversity - Keith Culver: Returning to Normal: Can Corrective Justice Be Achieved When Genetically Modified Salmon Escape and Do Damage? - Willemien du Plessis / Johan Nel: Environmental Framework Law: a strategy towards integrating pluralistic legislation - Kimmo Nuotio: Making Sense of the aeInternational' and the aeRegional' in Criminal Law and Criminal Policy.