Identifying Injury By Wildlife To Trees And Shrubs In Northeastern Forests

Injury inflicted on trees and shrubs by mammals and birds can usually be referred to a particular species. Animals always leave characteristic signs, and the ability to recognize these and to determine what animal is responsible for a specific injury is a distinct aid to those charged with the management of forested areas. Discussion of the methods of identification herein outlined shows how mammals and birds of the Northeastern States damage forests.