In The Neatest Manner

This book was prepared in conjunction with the exhibit Virginia Samplers: Young Ladies and Their Needle Wisdom, 10/31/1997-09/08/1998, at the DeWitt Wallace Gallery, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, VA.

If you want to step back into time and enjoy life as your ancestors lived, this is the book for you. Read about and see many types of kettles, teakettles, cooking kettles, pots and pans, warming pans, saucepans, coffee pots, stills, butter churns, mugs, ladles, skimmers, measures, funnels, basins, pumps, glue pots, weathercocks—all items made of copper. Then there are brass items: andirons, bells, gun parts, molds for casting pewter, door knockers, skillets, tomahawks, lancets, jagging irons, buttons, sundials, clocks, door locks, and many more. (288pp. illus. hardcover. Masthof Press, 1995.)

Billed in early issues as "a practical journal of industrial progress", this monthly covers a broad range of topics in engineering, manufacturing, mechanics, architecture, building, etc. Later issues say it is "devoted to the advancement and diffusion of practical knowledge."

Before the foundation of academies of art in London in 1758 and Philadelphia in 1805, most individuals who were to emerge as artists trained in workshops of varying degrees of relevance. Easel painters began their careers apprenticed to carriage, house, sign or ship painters, whilst a few were placed with those who made pictures. Sculptors emerged from a training as ornamental plasterers or carvers. Of the many other trades in a position to offer an appropriate background were ÔlimningÕ, staining, engraving, surveying, chasing and die-sinking. In addition, plumbers gained the right to use oil painting and, for plasterers, the application of distemper was an extension of their trade. Central to the theme of this book is the notion that, for those who were to become either painters or sculptor, a training in a trade met their practical needs. This ÔtrainingÕ was of an altogether different nature to an ÔeducationÕ in an art school. In the past, prospective artists were offered, by means of apprenticeships, an empirical rather than a theoretical understanding of their ultimate vocation. James Ayres provides a lively account of the inter-relationship between art and trade in the late seventeenth to early nineteenth centuries, in both Britain and North America. He demonstrates with numerous, illustrated examples, the many cross-overs in the Ôart and mysteryÕ of artistic training, and, to modern eyes, the sometimes incongruous relationships between the various trades that contributed to the blossoming of many artistic careers, including some of the most illustrious names of the ÔlongÕ eighteenth century.