Ladoga And Onego Great European Lakes

Lakes Ladoga and Onego are the greatest lakes in Europe. With a surface area of 17891 km2 and a volume of 902 km3, the former is one of the top fifteen world’s freshwater lakes and is only slightly smaller than Lake Ontario. Lake Onego’s surface area is 9600 km2 and it has a volume of 292 km3. The watershed of Lake Ladoga (258000 km2) extends through Northwestern European Russia and the eastern part of Finland, including the large Lakes Ilmen and Saimaa, and together these Great European Lakes are an important link in the Caspian-Baltic-White Sea waterway system. Their ecological state affects the water quality of the Neva River, the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea. Thus any changes affect the operational use, environmental protection and management of water resources of a wide area and concern such issues as drinking, recreation, transport and energy. The anthropogenic impact on the Lake Onego ecosystem is mostly determined by the sewage waters of the Petrozavodsk and Kondopoga industrial centres, while the river inflow makes the most impact on Lake Ladoga. Although the anthropogenic stress on the water ecosystems of the Great European Lakes has decreased over the last 15 years, there has been some simultaneous evidence of global warming. There is not enough current data to identify the climate-induced changes in lake ecosystems, but there is proof that the main cause of lacustrine ecosystem changes is determined by anthropogenic factors.

Internal wave dynamics in lakes (and oceans) is an important physical component of geophysical fluid mechanics of ‘quiescent’ water bodies of the Globe. The formation of internal waves requires seasonal stratification of the water bodies and generation by (primarily) wind forces. Because they propagate in basins of variable depth, a generated wave field often experiences transformation from large basin-wide scales to smaller scales. As long as this fission is hydrodynamically stable, nothing dramatic will happen. However, if vertical density gradients and shearing of the horizontal currents in the metalimnion combine to a Richardson number sufficiently small (

Taking into account that in 2020 the Republic of Karelia marks its 100th anniversary, Ajax-PRESS publishing house presents the first guidebook for foreigners in English language in the series “ПОЛИГЛОТ” – about the most beautiful and interesting places of this multifaceted region.Year by year, the tourists flow to the Republic is growing, and now it has already reached 1.320.000 people per year. In the summer of 2019, travelers from 81 (!) countries visited the region. They are lovers of fishing and pilgrims to the Holy places, hunters to the pristine nature and tourists. Karelia offers holidays for every taste, even for the most demanding. Important to say, that the new unique mountain Park «Ruskeala» is noted as “an important place on the planet, necessary to visit” by British newspaper Daily Telegraph.Itineraries Around KareliaI Petrozavodsk is the City of Military Glory Itinerary 1. A Walking Tour of the City Itinerary 2. South of Petrozavodsk II Karelian Priladozhye (Lake Ladoga Coastal Area of Karelia) Itinerary 3. Sortavala District Itinerary 4. Lakhdenpokhya District Itinerary 5. Pitkyaranta District Itinerary 6. Olonets District III Northwest of Lake Onegо Itinerary 7. Kondopoga District Itinerary 8. Pryazha Interlakes Area Itinerary 9. Pryazha District IV Zaonezhye and the Eastern Shore of Obonezhye Itinerary 10. Medvezhyegorsk District Itinerary 11. Pudozh District V Northern Karelia Itinerary 12. White Sea Coastal Area of Karelia Itinerary 13. Karelian Pomorie (Coastal Area)

Sustainable management of water resources is quickly increasing in importance on a global scale. An important piece of the puzzle is the characterization of marine water and determining its importance to geochemical budgets. To do this, submarine groundwater discharges must be carefully studied. Comprehensively exploring the subject, Submarine G

Lake Onego is the second largest lake in Europe after Lake Ladoga. The area of the lake is 9800 square km, its max depth is 127 m and the average depth is about 30 m. The main cities located on the shore of the lake are Petrozavodsk and Kondopoga. The lake is connected to the Baltic Sea via the River Svir, Lake Ladoga and the Neva River. Russia is not joining the European Union (EU) in the near future. However, there is tendency to adopt the central principles of many EU directives also in Russia. Water Framework Directive gives the main guidelines about organization of water management. The aim of the study was to investigate the status of Lake Onego, to assess pressures and risks threatening the lake and make a general plan for water protection to guarantee a good chemical and ecological status of the lake. In this work, different steady-state and dynamic catchment and water quality models were used to assess the effects of different loading scenarios. While Lake Onego preserves a good ecological status as a whole, the problems with pollution and eutrophication exist in Petrozavodsk and Kondopoga Bays where anthropogenic loading is more pronounced.

The book presents a broad panoramic overview of church architecture in the Russian North between the fourteenth and nineteenth centuries. While it is inevitably overshadowed by the imperial splendour of the country’s capital cities, this unique phenomenon is regarded as the most distinctive national expression of traditional Russian artistic culture and at the same time as a significant part of humanity’s worldwide architectural heritage. The chief intention of the book is to present the regionally specific features of the wooden churches of the Russian North, which vary from area to area for local natural or historical reasons. This approach touches upon the very important questions of the typology and classification of the multiplicity of architectural forms. The "regional view" entails giving clear definitions of the ambiguous terms "architectural school" and "tradition", explaining the origins and shaping impulses for the different regional clusters of objects. Structurally the book presents a history of the development of wooden church architecture in the Russian North and then follows the key points of the mediaeval Russian expansion along the waterways from Novgorod into the North – he Svir’ River, Lake Onego, the town of Kargopol’ and the River Onega, the White Sea, the Rivers Dvina, Pinega and Mezen’ – those areas that still retain the most splendid pieces of Russian regional wooden church architecture. The study is based on field research and provides an up-to-date, multi-faceted view of Russian wooden architecture.