Measuring Willingness To Pay For Electricity

The measurement of willingness to pay for electricity relies critically on a reliable estimate of the demand for electricity function. Empirical work tends to assume that the demand for electricity has no satiation point. Many electricity demand models assume a constant price elasticity, which implies infinite demand at low prices. This report proposes a plausible functional form for the demand of electricity. The proposed functional form is consistent with two properties of electricity demand functions for households & firms, namely, the negative relationships between price & quantity, & the finiteness of demand at zero price. The report also demonstrates that this functional form of the demand function leads to easily estimable economic benefits of electricity.

This book discusses the role electricity plays in sustaining and improving the quality of life. The author elucidates the numerous approaches to estimating value, including electricity’s contribution toward the U.S. Gross Domestic Product; its role in medicine, and its ability to power communications. Traditional measures such the cost of outages, the impact of storms, the cost of restoring power systems after storms, the Value of Lost Load (VOLL), consumer Willingness to Pay (WTP) to avoid outages, and consumer surveys are covered extensively. In addition, the book speculates on life without electricity and how society may have evolved without it.

This book reviews the prevalence and variants of consumer subsidies found in the developing world and the effectiveness of these subsidies for the poor. It places consumer subsidies in a broader social protection framework and compares them with poverty-focused programmes in other sectors using a common metric. It concludes that the most common subsidy instruments perform poorly in comparison with most other transfer mechanisms. Alternative consumption and connection subsidy mechanisms show more promise, especially when combined with complementary non-price approaches to making utility services accessible and affordable to poor households. The many factors contributing to those outcomes are dissected, identifying those that can be controlled and used to improve performance.

We proudly present the proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Law, Economic and Governance 2021 (ICOLEG 2021). It focuses on how the wave of digitalization influences the ethics and law, especially in Law and Democracy, Law and Indigenous People, Law in Contemporary Issues, Law and Economics, Digital Economics, Good Governance etc. As we know, the world today is changing and the world we are facing now is the one where everything is connected. The contemporary social issues based on complex problems, complex interest, beyond borders and powers. More than 125 manuscripts from various countries were presented at this conference with around 66 of them selected to be published in proceedings. We hope by this conference, discussions on how research on Law, Economic and Government is possible in a disruptive era will give a perspective for the social and humanities studies development.

The purpose of Tajikistan’s Winter Energy Crisis is to assist the Government of Tajikistan (GoT) in exploring ways to overcome electricity shortages due to rising demand for electricity. It focuses on investments and policy reforms in order to strengthen the financial, technical, and institutional capacities in the power sector and to prepare the Government for undertaking a major expansion of power supply capacity until the year 2020. The Study explores a range of supply and demand alternatives (e.g., thermal, run-of-river hydro, other renewables, energy efficiency and demand management) excluding the option of large hydropower plants especially those requiring storage capacities, given the complexity and delays in their establishment. The option of a large hydropower project in Tajikistan, such as Rogun, is being explored by the various studies conducted by the Government and has involved a long process of information sharing on the findings of the studies for consensus building among stakeholders including Tajikistan, riparian Governments and their various Civil Society Organizations. Such a process requires the assurance of international quality standards, and incorporation of the concerns of all stakeholders. Without prompt actions, as recommended by the Study to address the causes of Tajikistan’s electricity crisis in the next 4-5 years, the shortages could increase to about 4,500 GWh by 2016 - translating to over a third of winter electricity demand. Following the recommendations of the current Study, the GoT will be on the road to establishing a long term energy security in Tajikistan.

Impact evaluation has gained recognition over the last decade as an essential component of project development. Impact evaluation details how and to what extent policies and project interventions contribute to socioeconomic welfare gains or losses for society. Such evaluations are also important for identifying key lessons for future policies and investments. In the case of modern energy access, the measurement of costs is fairly straightforward. However, measuring the benefits to society is more difficult and might involve implementing national or regional surveys. Past efforts have often underestimated the complex linkages of benefits produced by programs involved in providing electricity and clean cooking energy to rural and other populations without access to modern energy services. Thus, it has often been difficult to balance the costs of program investments in energy access vis-à-vis their benefits. This study’s main objective is to develop a practical method by which to measure the benefits of rural energy, including both electricity and clean cooking. The methods reviewed in this report involve both formal and informal techniques of data collection, including quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis. The research pays attention to such concepts as quality of life, effects on education, and other key components of social development; that is, it tackles those benefits of modern energy access that traditionally have been difficult to measure, as well as the easier-to-measure benefits.

This revised and enlarged edition covers the latest developments in advanced energy technology and in the derivation and application of synthetic fuels. Energy studies, fuel technology, engineering, ecology and economics are among the disciplines whose approach to the topic are included.