On Virginity

This late ancient Christian treatise, preserved in Syriac and falsely attributed to Athanasius of Alexandria (d. 373), exhorts female virgins to be "holy in body and spirit" (1 Cor. 7:34) and to abstain from "all that is in the world - the desire of the flesh, the desire of the eyes, the pride in riches" (1 John 1:16). Drawing on themes developed in the de virginitate literature of the fourth and fifth centuries, the author instructs virgins on their proper physical deportment and use of the five senses, but he incorporates into his work exhortations to purity and repentance originally addressed to a wider audience of male and female ascetics and perhaps even laity. Most likely a translation of a Greek original composed between the fifth and ninth centuries, the treatise is of interest also for its frequent and inventive use of the Bible in support of the ascetic ideal.

The object of this treatise is to create in its readers a passion for the life according to excellence. There are many distractions , to use the word of the Divine Apostle, incident to the secular life; and so this treatise would suggest, as a necessary door of entrance to the holier life, the calling of Virginity; seeing that, while it is not easy in the entanglements of this secular life to find quiet for that of Divine contemplation, those on the other hand who have bid farewell to its troubles can with promptitude, and without distraction, pursue assiduously their higher studies.

This is an English translation of these treatises. The work is also introduced by Elizabeth Clark, who sets forth the context of the treatises and makes an extended comparison between John's teaching and that of Paul in 1 Corinthians.

Although the theme of bloodied nuptial sheets seems pervasive in western culture, its association with female virginity is uniquely tied to a brief passage in the book of Deuteronomy detailing the procedure for verifying a young woman's purity; it seldom, if ever, appears outside of Abrahamic traditions. In Signs of Virginity, Michael Rosenberg examines the history of virginity testing in Judaism and early Christianity, and the relationship of these tests to a culture that encourages male sexual violence. Deuteronomy's violent vision of virginity has held sway in Jewish and Christian circles more or less ever since. However, Rosenberg points to two authors-the rabbinic collective that produced the Babylonian Talmud and the early Christian thinker Augustine of Hippo-who, even as they perpetuate patriarchal assumptions about female virginity, nonetheless attempt to subvert the emphasis on sexual dominance bequeathed to them by Deuteronomy. Unlike the authors of earlier Rabbinic and Christian texts, who modified but fundamentally maintained and even extended the Deuteronomic ideal, the Babylonian Talmud and Augustine both construct alternative models of female virginity that, if taken seriously, would utterly reverse cultural ideals of masculinity. Indeed this vision of masculinity as fundamentally gentle, rather than characterized by brutal and violent sexual behavior, fits into a broader idealization of masculinity propagated by both authors, who reject what Augustine called a "lust for dominance" as a masculine ideal.

This study presents a compelling and provocative study of virginity, which challenges the belief that female virginity can be reliably and unambiguously defined, tested and verified.

Medieval virginity theory explored through study of martyrs, nuns and Margery Kempe. This study looks at the question of what it meant to be a virgin in the Middle Ages, and the forms which female virginity took. It begins with the assumptions that there is more to virginity than sexual inexperience, and that virginity may be considered as a gendered identity, a role which is performed rather than biologically determined. The author explores versions of virginity as they appear in medieval saints' lives, in the institutional chastity of nuns, and as shown in the book of Margery Kempe, showing how it can be active, contested, vulnerable but also recoverable. SARAH SALIH teaches in the Department of English at King's College London.