Optically Amplified Wdm Networks

With the advent of wavelength routing and dynamic, reconfigurable optical networks, new demands are being made in the design and operation of optical amplifiers. This book provides, for the first time, a comprehensive review of optical amplifier technology in the context of these recent advances in the field. It demonstrates how to manage the trade-offs between amplifier design, network architecture and system management and operation. The book provides an overview of optical amplifiers and reconfigurable networks before examining in greater detail the issues of importance to network operators and equipment manufacturers, including 40G and 100G transmission. Optical amplifier design is fully considered, focusing on fundamentals, design solutions and amplifier performance limitations. Finally, the book discusses other emerging applications for optical amplifiers such as optical networks for high data rate systems, free space systems, long single span links and optical digital networks. This book will be of great value to R&D engineers, network and systems engineers, telecommunications service providers, component suppliers, industry analysts, network operators, postgraduate students, academics and anyone seeking to understand emerging trends in optical networks and the consequent changes in optical amplifier design, features and applications. Provides an in depth and focused review of the new reconfigurable network architecture and its impact on optical amplifiers Addresses 40G and 100G transmission and networking Written by experts in the field with deep technical knowledge and practical experience of commercial practice and concerns

This final report discusses development of Acousto Optic Tunable Filter (AOTF) technology for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in optical networks. The ability of tho AOTF to function as a digital or analog wavelength selective filter. with independent control of each wavelength channel or spectral window allows the AOTF to solve the seemingly unrelated problems of gain equalization and wavelength channel routing simultaneously. An AOTF with intrinsic gain als provides the capability for a lossless switch. Specific results of the effort include: packaged sidelobe suppressed AOTF's as hybrid polarization independent switches for gain equalization experiments requirements for passive and active filters for effective gain equalization in single and cascaded Erbium Doped Fiber Optic Amplifiers. single amplifier cascades delivery of a gain equalizer subsystem to ONTC, the development of a mathematical model for AOTFs with gain fabrication of waveguides in Er:Ti:LiNbO3, requirements for optimum pump and device packaging of AOTFs with gain. demonstration of the gain and noise properties of AOTFs with gain and determination of optimal system performance of an AOTF with gain.

Optical WDM networking technology is spearheading a bandwidth revolution in the networking infrastructure being developed for the next generation Internet. Rapid advances in optical components have enabled the transition from point-to-point WDM links to all-optical networking. Optical WDM Networks: Principles and Practice presents some of the most important challenges facing the optical networking community, along with some suggested solutions. Earlier textbooks in optical networking have a narrower perspective, and rapidly advancing research has created the need for fresh and current information on problems and issues in the field. The volume editors and contributing authors have endeavoured to capture a substantial subset of the key problems and known solutions to these problems. All of the chapters are original contributions from leading international researchers. The chapters address a wide variety of topics, including the state of the art in WDM technology, physical components that make up WDM fiber-optic networks, medium access protocols, wavelength routed networks, optical access networks, network management, and performance evaluation of wavelength routing networks. The chapters also survey critical points in past research and tackle more recent problems. Practitioners and network product engineers interested in current state-of-the-art information beyond textbook-type coverage, and graduate students commencing research in this area, will appreciate the concise - and pertinent - information presented herein.

Optical communications networks are an essential part of the world wide te- communication infrastructure . The number of users of present and future telecommunication services like Internet, web browsing and tele-education is expected to increase dramatically . As a consequence there is an imminent - mand for high broadband and high capacity communication systems. A prom- ing solution is found in the concept of all-optical networks . These networks exploit the vast capacity of the optical fiber by using multiplexing techniques that allow for an overall capacity of terabits per second. Channels are routed and switched in the optical domain . In this manner data channels are carried from the receiver side to its destination making use of optical transmission techniques . Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is a transmission technique that has dramatically increased the capacity of optical transmission systems. WDM allows for transmission of several channels over a single optical fiber by - ing different wavelength as the channel carrier . Optical switching and routing techniques are also being developed to cope with the high data speeds and n- ber of channel carried in the optical fibers. These functionalities are provided by optical crossconnects. The use of transmission techniques such as WDM in combination with optical crossconnects is enabling optical networking at high bit-rates reaching terabits per second . These techniques also offer ways to improve the network flexibility and configurability .

Lo, soul! seest thou not God's purpose from the first? The earth to be spann'd, connected by net-work From Passage to India! Walt Whitman, "Leaves of Grass", 1900. The Internet is growing at a tremendous rate today. New services, such as telephony and multimedia, are being added to the pure data-delivery framework of yesterday. Such high demands on capacity could lead to a "bandwidth-crunch" at the core wide-area network resulting in degra dation of service quality. Fortunately, technological innovations have emerged which can provide relief to the end-user to overcome the In ternet's well-known delay and bandwidth limitations. At the physical layer, a major overhaul of existing networks has been envisaged from electronic media (such as twisted-pair and cable) to optical fibers - in the wide area, in the metropolitan area, and even in the local area set tings. In order to exploit the immense bandwidth potential of the optical fiber, interesting multiplexing techniques have been developed over the years. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is such a promising tech nique in which multiple channels are operated along a single fiber si multaneously, each on a different wavelength. These channels can be independently modulated to accommodate dissimilar bit rates and data formats, if so desired. Thus, WDM carves up the huge bandwidth of an optical fiber into channels whose bandwidths (1-10 Gbps) are compati ble with peak electronic processing speed.

Following the emergence of lasers and optical fibers, optical networking made its beginning in the 1970s with high-speed LANs/MANs. In the 1980s, when the bandwidth of intercity microwave links turned out to be inadequate for digital telephony, the technology for single-wavelength optical communications using SONET/SDH arrived as a saviour to replace the microwave links. However, single-wavelength links couldn't utilize the huge bandwidth (40 THz) of optical fibers, while the bandwidth demands kept soaring. This necessitated the use of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) for concurrent transmission over multiple wavelengths, increasing the available bandwidth significantly. Today, optical networking has become an indispensable part of telecommunication networks at all hierarchical levels. The book Optical Networks provides a graduate level presentation of optical networks, capturing the past, present and ensuing developments with a unique blend of breadth and depth. The book is organized in four parts and three appendices. Part I presents an overview and the enabling technologies in two chapters, Part II presents the single-wavelength optical networks in three chapters, while Part III deals with the various forms of WDM optical networks in four chapters. Finally, Part IV presents some selected topics in six chapters, dealing with a number of contemporary and emerging topics. Optical Networks provides a comprehensive all-in-one text for beginning graduate as well as final-year undergraduate students, and also allows R&D engineers to quickly refresh the basics and then move on to emerging topics.

In two editions spanning more than a decade, The Electrical Engineering Handbook stands as the definitive reference to the multidisciplinary field of electrical engineering. Our knowledge continues to grow, and so does the Handbook. For the third edition, it has been expanded into a set of six books carefully focused on a specialized area or field of study. Broadcasting and Optical Communication Technology represents a concise yet definitive collection of key concepts, models, and equations in the fields of broadcasting and optical communication, thoughtfully gathered for convenient access. Addressing the challenges involved in modern communications networks, Broadcasting and Optical Communication Technology explores communications, information theory, and devices, covering all the basic information needed for a thorough understanding of these areas. It also examines the emerging areas of adaptive estimation and optical communication, including lightwave technology, long-distance fiber optic communications, and photonic networks. Articles include defining terms, references, and sources of further information. Encompassing the work of the world's foremost experts in their respective specialties, Broadcasting and Optical Communication Technology presents the latest developments, the broadest scope of coverage, and new material on mobile communications. It offers fast, convenient access to specialists in need of detailed reference on the job.