Pond Ecosystems Of The Indian Sundarbans

This book aims to give a holistic overview of the pond ecosystem of Indian Sundarbans. Due to climate change, the Indian Sundarbans faces several challenges. With rising sea levels, islands are disappearing and the increasing salinity in the water and soil has severely threatened the health of mangrove forests and the quality of fresh water, soil and crops. Additionally, there have been serious disturbances to hydrological parameters in the lotic as well lentic ecosystems. This book provides new insights into lentic ecosystem-oriented research in the deltaic ecosystem of GBM-I (Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna, Indian Delta). The major findings from various research works are brought together, and the gaps and future possible ways forward are outlined. The book addresses the SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 14 (Life below Water), with a focus on the ecosystem services of ponds in the Indian Sundarbans. Despite there being many studies on riverine water, ground water and mangrove ecosystems of the Indian Sundarbans, this book offers new insights into the pond ecosystem of the Indian Sundarbans. The outcomes from this book can be utilized by researchers from the inland fisheries sector, environmental managers, professionals, and those who seek to develop ways for making pond ecosystems sustainable.

This book provides a cross-sectoral, multidisciplinary assessment of the major verticals of Blue Economy relevant to the mangrove ecosystem in Indian Sundarbans, which is a deltaic complex at the apex of Bay of Bengal. This book evaluates the feasibility of Blue Economy considering the natural resource base in this mangrove dominated deltaic complex. Chapter 1 discusses the need of expanding different marine and estuarine oriented verticals of Blue Economy as the land resources are gradually becoming depleted. Chapter 2 highlights the wide spectrum of biotic and abiotic resources of the Indian Sundarbans which can serve as the strong foundation of expanding Blue Economy in the region. Chapter 3 highlights several mangrove based livelihoods that are not only innovative, but may present new opportunities to initiate cottage industries. Chapter 4 highlights the threats associated with Blue Economy in Indian Sundarbans like, sea level rise, acidification of water, weather extremes, pollution, over-exploitation of natural resources, etc., along with ground-zero environmental data collated over three decades. Chapter 5 offers several solutions to combat the threats to regional Blue Economy emphasizing both technology and policy based management. The book attempts to align the proliferation of different sectors of Blue Economy in the framework of Indian Sundarbans.

This book explores the Sundarbans eco-region from a trans-boundary perspective, examining the cross-country interaction that helps planners to develop more efficient coastal zone planning for the delta. The dynamic ecosystem of the Sundarbans is considered the largest coastal delta in the world. It is located in the Bay of Bengal and spans across Bangladesh and West Bengal (India). Featuring chapters by experts from a range of fields, it addresses (i) risk factor analyses, and the geohydrological, climatic, natural, socio-economic, and anthropological factors related to the Sundarbans; (ii) strategies for sustainability in natural resource management in trans-boundary Sundarbans, cutting across political boundaries; (iii) improved agriculture, fisheries, and forestry practices and their impacts on the socio-economy for livelihood security; and (iv) a future road map for improvements. This book will be of value to those working in academia, as well as to experts and professionals in coastal zone planning and management.

With reference to Indian Sundarbans region.

Man has been playing a key role in shaping the environment with most of his activities directed towards its overall degradation. The aquatic ecosystems, which remained balanced and unaffected till the early days of civilization, get rapidly deteriorated due to population explosion, unmindful disposal of sewage and mushroom growth of industries. Billions of gallons of waste water from cities, housing settlements, industries and agricultural fields are thrown into watercourses everyday. Consequently, the ecology of water and ethology of biota existing therein have been greatly threatened. So, in order to focus the importance of ecology and ethology of aquatic biota, the present book has been brought out. The present book is a unique compilation of 90 articles contributed by eminent authors with different backgrounds, which will act as a key-board in opening new vista in the field of aquatic environment. With its application oriented and interdisciplinary approach, the book would be immensely useful to everyone dealing with aquatic environment, such as University teachers, environmental scientists, academicians, technocrats, politicians, researchers and post graduate students. Contents Volume 1; Chapter 1: Ecobiodiversity of aquatic biota in certain freshwater ecosystems of santal pargana (Jharkhand), India by Arvind Kumar & H P Gupta; Chapter 2: Energy cost of melamorphosis in the tadpoles of microhyla ornata (Anura: Amphibia) by Charulata Dei & M C Dash; Chapter 3: On some aspects of ecobiology of common fishes of the polluted river damodar in West Bengal (India) by B K Biswas & S K Konar; Chapter 4: Role of macrofauna in energy partioning and nutrient recycling in a tidal creek of sundarbans mangrove forest, India by P B Ghosh; Chapter 5: Aquaculture in inland saline waters in India: Present status and future possibilities by C Saha, B C Mohapatra & B K Sahu; Chapter 6: Role of nutrients on phytoplankton diversity in the north east coast of the bay of Bengal by Kakoli Banerjee, Abhijit Mitra, D P Bhattacharyya & Amalesh Choudhury; Chapter 7: Effect of antifouling coatings on aquatic biota: An overview by V Wilsanand & R Paulmurugan; Chapter 8: Dynamics of sediment characteristics and benthic fauna in modifies extensive shrimp culture system by S K Das & D N Saksena; Chapter 9: Role of ecotoxicological research to the protection of our aquatic environment by Bidhan C Patra; Chapter 10: Ecotechnology for limnological profile of Kawar Lake with special reference to biogeochemical cycles by Arvind Kumar, Chandan Bohra & A K Singh; Chapter 11: Status of aquatic bodies in warangal: Their protection and conservation by K Vijayapal Reddy, Y Kalyani, M Rayappa, G Satyanarayana, B Suvarna, K Prameela & M A Singara Charya; Chapter 12: Pesticides and its impact on aquatic ecosystems by R K Srivastava & Smita Vidyarthi; Chapter 13: Impact of pesticides on algae: A review by Dr J P Verma; Chapter 14: Evaluation on growth, survival and carcass composition of osteobrama belangeri (Val) fed with different non-conventional pelleted feeds by W Jayadeve & W Vishwanath; Chapter 15: Study on water quality of cattle and pig manure fed fish pond by N K Verma, A K Singh, R Yadav & R K Jha; Chapter 16: Density, biomass and microdistribution of a caddisfly larva (Lepidostoma spp) in deciduous forest stream of alagar hill (Eastern ghats) South India; Chapter 17: Relationship between temperature and assimilation efficiency of aquatic insects: An overview by N Krishnana and N Arun Nagendran; Chapter 18: Effects of some ichthyotoxic plants on freshwater hillstream fishes of mid-central Himalayan region by Yogambar Singh Farswan; Chapter 19: Microbial bioremediation of environmental problems by S Srivastava, R S Upadhyay, A Kumar and B V Pandey; Chapter 20: Distribution ecology of protozoa in relation to water quality in river cauvery, Karnataka, India by J Narayana and R K Somashekar; Chapter 21: Asplanchna induced phenotypic plasticity in brachionus calyciflorus and its adaptive significance: A laboratory approach by Atab Alam, Asif A Khan, S A Untoo and Saltanat Parveen; Chapter 22: Plankton dynamics in a bar-built estuary by K Vareethiah; Chapter 23: Enzyme ecology of fish by G Tripathi & P Verma; Chapter 24: Studies on the waste generation potential from crustaceans landings in Sothwest coast of Kanyakumari district, India by G Immanuel, Vedamany Menenthira, A Palavesam & M Peter Marian; Chapter 26: Seasonal fluctuation of phytoplankton of brackishwater impoundments along Nethravathi Estuary by K M Rajesh & Mridula R Mendon; Chapter 27: Plankton as indicators of trophic status of wetlands by Ahok K Pandit; Chapter 28: Integrated biological control of water hyacinth eichhornia crassipes in the fresh water habitats of India by A G Murugesan, S Rameshwari & N Sukumaran; Chapter 29: Primary productivity of a sewage fed aquatic ecosystem by Chandan Bohra & Arvind Kumar; Chapter 30: Observations on the Eco-biology of an aquatic heteropteran bug gerris spinolae with a description of its Nymphal Instars by Nanda Verma & M Raziuddin; Chapter 31: Biochemical, nutritional and microbiological quality of sun-dried exocoetus sp (Flying fish) of Imphal, market, Manipur by Hijam Binota & W Vishwanath; Chapter 32: Effect of environmental factors on zooplankton (Biomass-number) production in a polluted tank by M B Nadoni, P S Murthy & B B Hosetti; Chapter 33: Enhancement of biomass yield and nitrogen fixation of azolla pinnata using phosphorus and different waste materials by M C Kalita; Chapter 34: The effect of endosulfan on the backwater clam (Meretrix casta) by M Srinivasan, A Murugan, R Rajaram, M A Badhul Haq; Chapter 35: Effect of dietary intake of crude aflatoxin on blood biochemistry of channa punctatus by Shishir K Verma, Shambhoo Prasad & N K Dubey; Chapter 36: Screening of indigenous plants for piscicidal activity in fish nemacheilus sinuatus Ham by Manoj Abhimanyu Patil; Chapter 37: Isolation and characterisation of herbicide resistant bacteria from paddy fields of South Tamil Nadu by Anbalagan, S Ranjit Singh, A J A & R Palaniappan; Chapter 38: Bio-removal of copper by aquatic macrophyte ottelia alismoides (L) by S Vincent, M Mary Jee Jee Cruz Malar Vizhi; Chapter 39: Inter-relationship of biotic communities and physico-chemical factors with primary productivity by J P Verma & R C Mohanty; Chapter 40: Ethology of certain air breathing fish during a total solar eclipse at dumka (Santal Pargana) in Jharkhand, India by Arvind Kumar & Chandan Bohra; Chapter 41: Domestic sewage in relation to marine pollution by C Maruthanayagam & C Senthil Kumar; Chapter 42: Biochemical studies on some selected marine zooplankton population at Palk Bay region by C Maruthanayagam, C Senthil Kumar & K Shanthi; Chapter 43: Role of seed extracted by-product (Neem cake) of the plant azadiracta indica (Linn) on survival, yield and reproduction of fish by S K Sarkar; Chapter 44: Studies on eco-biology of molluscs of Jharkhand, India by Arvind Kumar & Ajay Kumar; Chapter 45: Inter-relationship between phytoplankton and fish seed diversity around Sagar Island by A Mitra, K Banerjee, S Pal, S Neogi & D P Bhattacharya; Volume II; Chapter 1: The ecology of aquatic biota in thermal springs by Arvind Kumar; Chapter 2: Impact of degradation of aquatic ecosystems on fisheries- A case study midnapore district, West Bengal by Tapas Paria & Sushil Kanta Konar; Chapter 3: Seasonal variations of elements and dynamics of nutrients in a typical brackishwater pond ecosystem used for traditional shrimp culture by S K Das & D N Saksena; Chapter 4: A composite approach for evaluation of the effect of malathion on gobiid fish glossogobius giuris (HAM) by M Ramachandra Mohan; Chapter 5: Studies on pollutional impact of tannery effluent on fish and livestock by Ashis Panigrahi & Amalendu Chakraborti; Chapter 6: Macro-Invertebrate fauna of mangrove soil habitat and its charateristic features: A case study from cochin mangroves in Kerala by R Sunil Kumar; Chapter 7: Physico-chemical parameters in the near shore waters off Magalore receiving treated industrial effluents by Mridula R Mendon & K M Rajesh; Chapter 8: Toxic effects of chromium sulphate on the indian catfish heterophenustes fossilis (Bloch) in short term and long term exposure by D N Roy & N K Dubey; Chapter 9: Bacteriological status of river water in Asansol Town, District- Budwan, W B by Chinmoy Chatterjee & M Raziuddin; Chapter 10: Toxicity of copper on the morphological and behavioural aspects in Labeo rohita by Maruthanayagam C, Sahrmila, G & Arvind Kumar; Chapter 11: Effect of zinc on oxygen consumption and glycogen metabolism of an estuarine hermit crab clibanarius infraspinatus (Hilgendorf) by P Kumarasamy, K Muthukumaravel & S Parimala; Chapter 12: Toxic effect of protein products of india (PPI) effluent to a freshwater teleost fish cyprinus carpio var communis by M Ramesh; Chapter 13: Ground water pollution through nitrogeneous fertilizers: A review of modelling approaches by K G Singh, S K Sondhi & Bijay Singh; Chapter 14: An analysis of fisheries extension and its impact on social change among fishing community by Ananth, P N Venkattakumar, R & Sunil, V G; Chapter 15: Rearing of giant fresh water prawn macrobrachium rosnebergii in pond with water exchange facility and in pond with stagnant water by N R Chattopadhyay & A K Panigrahi; Chapter 16: Effect of industrial pollution of Kalu River in the content of minerals (Iron, phosphorus, potassium) in its vegetation-I by S A Salgare & R N Acharekar; Chapter 17: Effect of industrial pollution at Kalu River on the amino acid (Aspartic acid, alanine, cysteine, glycine) content of its vegetation-II by S A Salgare & R N Acharekar; Chapter 18: Phytoplankton dynamics of Udhuwa Lake, Jharkhand (India) by Chandan bohra & Arvind Kumar; Chapter 19: Evaluation of semi-intensive brackishwater shrimp farm effluent by T Jawahar Abraham; Chapter 20: Morphometric relationship of fresh water turtle, kachuga tecta (Gray 1831) by S G Solanki; Chapter 21: Ecological status of mangroves and their urgent need for development and conservation in and around Cochin Estuary in Kerala by R Sunil Kumar; Chapter 22: Eutrophication by R K Srivastava & Vandana Raghuwanshi; Chapter 23: Immunoresponse of aquatic molluscs in biounsafe environment by Sajal Ray; Chapter 24: Effects of plant and animal diets of food utilization of the fresh water carp labeo rohita (Hamilton) by Bharat Bhusan Patnaik, A T Fleming & M Selvanayagam; Chapter 25: Impact of heavy metals on hydrogen production and nitrogenase activities of photosynthetic sulphur bacteria by B Rajani Rao, V Venkatramana Kumar, K Malathi Reddy & S K Mahmood; Chapter 26: Probiotics can assure nutritional security in aquaculture: An overview by Bidhan C Patra & P Bandyopadhyay; Chapter 27: Enzymatic evaluation of a heavily polluted lake in mysore by T B Mruthunjaya & S P Hosmani; Chapter 28: Benthic foraminifera in evaluating environmental stresses in marginal marine environment- A case study by Sabyasachi Majumdar, Abhijit Mitra, U C Panda & Amalesh Choudhury; Chapter 29: Impact of industrial pollution on the nutritive value of valamugil sehili from harbour waters of vizag by L M Rao, B Bharatha Lakshmi & Y Bangaramma; Chapter 30: Acute toxicity of carbaryl and methyl parathion on survival of rana tigrina tadpoles by K Sampath, I J J Kennedy & R James; Chapter 31: Variations of some abiotic and biotic factors of fish culture ponds treated with neem cake by S K Sarkar; Chapter 32: Conservation of the perennial river tamirabarani with special reference to restoration of catchment area and Aquatic habitat by A G Murugesan, C Rajakumari & M Sukumaran; Chapter 33: A floristic and socio-economic study of Wetlands of Varanasi, (U P) by Ajai Kumar Singh; Chapter 34: Macrobenthic molluscan spectrum in the coastal West Bengal by Abhijit Mitra, Amitava Aich, Amalesh Choudhury & D P Bhattacharyya; Chapter 35: Phytoplankton population in water bodies of coal mines area with special reference to pollution indication by Umesh Prasad, P K Mishra & Arvind Kumar; Chapter 36: Effects of interactions of plant glycocomponent (De-odorase) and chemical fertilizers on fish, oreochromis mossambicus by S S K Sarkar; Chapter 37: Planktonic biodiversity in the amphibian habitats of eight districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India by Bikramjit Sinha, Mohini Mohan Borah & Sabitry Bordoloi; Chapter 38: Impact of environmental stress on the growth behaviour of water hyacinth, eichhornia carassipes (Marts) with special reference to removal of pollutants by Arvind Kumar & Chandan Bohra; Chapter 39: Ecology and ethology of water-chestnut cultivation in Bundelkhand region by R K Tewari & K S Dadhwal; Chapter 40: Effects of pH, phosphates and solvents on sulfate reduction by desulfovibrio by D Mallik & G C Pradhan; Chapter 41: Studies on the effluent characteristics of shrimp farms by K Karl Marx, Chapter 42: Aquatic ecosystem and ecology of freshwater tuttle with special reference to kachuga tecta by G S Solanki; Chapter 43: Status of andaman sea ecology: past present and future by I K Pai; Chapter 44: Phycological studies in Kashmir I: Algal biodiversity by Khan, M A; Chapter 45: Water quality and phytoplankton abundance in South Indian River, Tamiraparani by P Martin & H Haniffa.

This book is an attempt to acknowledge the discipline ‘wetland science’ and to consolidate research findings, reviews and synthesis articles on different aspects of the wetlands in South Asia. The book presents 30 chapters by an international mix of experts in the field, who highlight and discuss diverse issues concerning wetlands in South Asia as case studies. The chapters are divided into different themes that represent broad issues of concern in a systematic manner keeping in mind students, researchers and general readers at large. The book introduces readers to the basics and theory of wetland science, supplemented by case studies and examples from the region. It also offers a valuable resource for graduate students and researchers in allied fields such as environmental studies, limnology, wildlife biology, aquatic biology, marine biology, and landscape ecology. To date the interdisciplinary field ‘wetland science’ is still rarely treated as a distinct discipline in its own right. Further, courses on wetland science aren’t taught at any of the world’s most prestigious universities; instead, the topics falling under this discipline are generally handled under the disciplines ‘ecology’ or under the extremely broad heading of ‘environmental studies’. It is high time that ‘Wetland Science’ be acknowledged as an interdisciplinary sub-discipline, which calls for an attempt to consolidate its various subtopics and present them comprehensively. Thus, this book also serves as a reference base on wetlands and facilitates further discussions on specific issues involved in safeguarding a sustainable future for the wetland habitats of this region.

Climate change poses serious threats to inclusive economic progress and poverty reduction. Strong countermeasures are required to increase the capacity of low-income people to mitigate their risk exposure to the impacts of climate change. Central pillars in planning for sustainable development and poverty alleviation must include vulnerability assessments, appropriate adaptation measures, and resilience-smart investments. This means placing climate change adaptation and resilience at the center of overall development policy. Coping with Climate Change in the Sundarbans contributes to this effort by synthesizing multiyear, multidisciplinary climate change studies on the Sundarbans—the world’s largest remaining contiguous mangrove forest and wetland of international importance, as well as home to some of South Asia’s poorest and most vulnerable communities. The studies’ findings indicate that, in a changing climate, sea-level rise, storm-surge intensification, and water salinization will alter the Sundarbans ecosystem significantly. The ripple effect of these changes will have multifaceted adverse impacts on the nature-dependent livelihoods, health, and nutrition of nearby communities. Elevated health risks, reduced land and labor productivity, and increased exposure to storms, floods, droughts, and other extreme events will make escape from poverty more difficult. Families in the Sundarbans are on the front line of these changes. Their experience and adaptation signal future decisions by hundreds of millions of families worldwide who will face similar threats from progressive sea-level rise. This research lays the technical foundation for developing a better understanding of the changes the Sundarbans currently faces, including responses of the ecosystem and human communities. Based on field research, location-specific, resilience-smart adaptation measures are recommended for reducing climate change vulnerability. Beyond the Sundarbans, the studies’ methods and findings will be of interest to development practitioners, policy makers, and researchers focused on island nations and countries worldwide that feature high-density populations and economic activity in low-lying coastal regions vulnerable to sea-level rise.