Principles Of Process Planning

Process planning determines how a product is to be manufactured and is therefore a key element in the manufacturing process. It plays a major part in determining the cost of components and affects all factory activities, company competitiveness, production planning, production efficiency and product quality. It is a crucial link between design and manufacturing. There are several levels of process planning activities. Early in product engineering and development, process planning is responsible for determining the general method of production. The selected general method of production affects the design constraints. In the last stages of design, the designer has to consider ease of manufacturing in order for it to be economic. The part design data is transferred from engineering to manufacturing and process planners develop the detailed work package for manufacturing a part. Dimensions and tolerances are determined for each stage of processing of the workpiece. Process planning determines the sequence of operations and utilization of machine tools. Cutting tools, fixtures, gauges and other accessory tooling are also specified. Feeds, speeds and other parameters of the metal cutting and forming processes are determined.

Process planning detennines how a product is to be manufactured and is therefore a key element in the manufacturing process. It plays a major part in detennining the cost of components and affects all factory activities, company competitiveness, production planning, production efficiency and product quality. It is a crucial link between design and manufacturing. In spite of the importance of process planning in the manufacturing cycle, there is no fonnal methodology which can be used, or can help to train personnel for this job. Process planning activities are predominantly labor intensive, depending on the experience and the skill and intuition of the planner, and therefore often precludes a thorough analysis and optimization of the process plan which nearly always results in higher than necessary production costs, delays, errors and non-standardization of processes. Process planning is regarded as an art and not a science. Research in the field of process planning has indicated that all experts have their own expertise and one expert's experience might be different from that of another. It is rare, therefore, for two planners to produce the same process. Each process will produce the part as specified, although different processes will result in different processing times and costs. The question is, who is an expert? By definition an expert is one 'having or manifesting the knowledge, skill and experience needed for success in a particular field or endeavor', or 'one who has acquired special skill in or knowledge and mastery of something'.

Heritage Planning: Principles and Process provides a comprehensive overview of heritage planning as an area of professional practice. The book first addresses the context and principles of heritage planning, including land-use law, planning practice, and international heritage doctrine, all set within the framework of larger societal issues such as sustainability and ethics. The book then takes readers through the pragmatic processes of heritage practice including collecting data, identifying community opinion, determining heritage significance, the best practices and methods of creating a conservation plan, and managing change. Heritage Planning recognizes changing approaches to heritage conservation, particularly the shift from the conservation of physical fabric to the present emphasis on retaining values, associations and stories that historic places hold for their communities. The transition has affected the practice of heritage planning and is important for those in the field. It is essential reading for both professionals that manage change within the built environment and students of heritage conservation and historic preservation.

The motivation for this book came out of a shared belief that what passed as 'theory' in operations management (OM) was all too often inadequate. In one respect, OM scholars were bending over backwards to make theories from other fields fit our research problems. In another, questionable assumptions were being used to apply mathematics to OM problems. This book provides a succinct summary of the core knowledge of OM through a set of ten fundamental principles that bring together a century of operations management thinking, and which cover all basic aspects of the core teaching covered at Master's level.

Pt. I. The planning approach. ch. 1. Introduction. ch. 2. Planning. ch. 3. Undertake effective communications -- pt. II. Information gathering and assessment. ch. 4. Analyze your past planning efforts; market the new planning. ch. 5. Collect information for the plan. ch. 6. Assess the business and IT environment. ch. 7. Determine alignment of IT and processes to the business -- pt. III. Develop the plan. ch. 8. Develop issues and opportunities for the plan. ch. 9. Define objectives and constraints. ch. 10. Create strategies and action items. ch. 11. Create strategic IT and process plans for business units. ch. 12. Build and market the plan and planning method -- pt. IV. Implement the plan. ch. 13. Perform strategic resource allocation. ch. 14. Implement the plan - short term. ch. 15. Implement the plan - long term. ch. 16. Measure planning results and update the plan. ch. 17. Conclusions and actions to take. ch. 18. Planning example - Irish farming organization

Process Planning covers the selection of processes, equipment, tooling and the sequencing of operations required to transform a chosen raw material into a finished product. Initial chapters review materials and processes for manufacturing and are followed by chapters detailing the core activities involved in process planning, from drawing interpretation to preparing the final process plan. The concept of maximising or 'adding value' runs throughout the book and is supported with activities. Designed as a teaching and learning resource, each chapter begins with learning objectives, explores the theory behind process planning, and sets it in a 'real-life' context through the use of case studies and examples. Furthermore, the questions in the book develop the problem-solving skills of the reader. ISO standards are used throughout the book (these are cross-referenced to corresponding British standards). This is a core textbook, aimed at undergraduate students of manufacturing engineering, mechanical engineering with manufacturing options and materials science. Features numerous case studies and examples from industry to help provide an easy guide to a complex subject Fills a gap in the market for which there are currently no suitable texts Learning aims and objectives are provided at the beginning of each chapter - a user-friendly method to consolidate learning