Synergetics 2

Synergetics, according to E. J. Applewhite, was Fuller's name for the geometry he advanced based on the patterns of energy that he saw in nature. For Fuller, geometry was a laboratory science with the touch and feel of physical models--not rules out of a textbook. It gains its validity not from classic abstractions but from the results of individual physical experience. Description by the Buckminster Fuller Institute, courtesy of The Estate of Buckminster Fuller

Synergetics 2 contains a ninety-page index to both volumes. They comprise a single work with the sequence of paragraphs numbered to dovetail in a single integrated narrative. They should eventually be published as a single work eliminating the artificial division into two volumes resulting from the chronology of their composition. E. J. Applewhite, courtesy of the Estate of R. Buckminster Fuller

The second edition of this volume has been extensively revised. A different version of Chap. 7, reflecting recent significant progress in understanding of spatiotempo ral chaos, is now provided. Much new material has been included in the sections dealing with intermittency in birth-death models and noise-induced phase transi tions. A new section on control of chaotic behavior has been added to Chap. 6. The subtitle of the volume has been changed to better reflect its contents. We acknowledge stimulating discussions with H. Haken and E. Scholl and are grateful to our colleagues M. Bar, D. Battogtokh, M. Eiswirth, M. Hildebrand, K. Krischer, and V. Tereshko for their comments and assistance. We thank M. Lubke for her help in producing new figures for this volume. Berlin and Moscow A. s. Mikhailov April 1996 A. Yu. Loskutov Preface to the First Edition This textbook is based on a lecture course in synergetics given at the University of Moscow. In this second of two volumes, we discuss the emergence and properties of complex chaotic patterns in distributed active systems. Such patterns can be produced autonomously by a system, or can result from selective amplification of fluctuations caused by external weak noise.

The publication of this second edition was motivated by several facts. First of all, the first edition had been sold out in less than one year. It had found excellent critics and enthusiastic responses from professors and students welcoming this new interdisciplinary approach. This appreciation is reflected by the fact that the book is presently translated into Russian and Japanese also. I have used this opportunity to include some of the most interesting recent developments. Therefore I have added a whole new chapter on the fascinating and rapidly growing field of chaos dealing with irregular motion caused by deterministic forces. This kind of phenomenon is presently found in quite diverse fields ranging from physics to biology. Furthermore I have included a section on the analytical treatment of a morphogenetic model using the order parameter concept developed in this book. Among the further additions, there is now a complete description of the onset of ultrashort laser pulses. It goes without· saying that the few minor mis prints or errors of the first edition have been corrected. I wish to thank all who have helped me to incorporate these additions.

This proceedings volume contains talks and poster presentations from the International Symposium "Self-Organization in Complex Systems: The Past, Present, and Future of Synergetics", which took place at Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg, an Institute of Advanced Studies, in Delmenhorst, Germany, during the period November 13 - 16, 2012. The Symposium was organized in honour of Hermann Haken, who celebrated his 85th birthday in 2012. With his fundamental theory of Synergetics he had laid the mathematical-physical basis for describing and analyzing self-organization processes in a diversity of fields of research. The quest for common and universal principles of self-organization in complex systems was clearly covered by the wide range of interdisciplinary topics reported during the Symposium. These extended from complexity in classical systems and quantum systems over self-organisation in neuroscience even to the physics of finance. Moreover, by combining a historical view with a present status report the Symposium conveyed an impression of the allure and potency of this branch of research as well as its applicability in the future.

This volume contains most of the invited papers presented at the International Work shop on Synergetics, Schloss E1mau, Bavaria, May 2 to.May 7, 1977. This workshop fol lowed an International Symposium on SynergetiGS at Schloss E1mau, 1972, and an Inter national SUl11l1erschoo1 at Erice, Sicily, 1974. Synergetics is a rather new field of interdisciplinary research which studies the self-organized behavior of systems leading to the formation of structures and func tionings. Indeed the whole universe seems to be organized, with pronounced structures starting from spiral galaxies down to living cells. Furthermore, very many of the most interesting phenomena occur in systems which are far from thermal equilibrium. Synergetics in its present form focusses its attention on those phenomena where dra matic changes occur on a macroscopic scale. Here indeed Synergetics was able to re veal profound analogies between systems in different disciplines ranging from physics to sociology. This volume contains contributions from various fields but the reader will easily discover their cOl11J1on goal. Not only in the natural sciences but also in ecology, sociology, and economy, man is confronted with the problems of complex sys tems. The principles and analogies unearthed by Synergetics will certainly be very he1pfu~ to cope with such difficult problems. I use this opportunity to thank the Vo1kswagenwerk Foundation for its support of the project Synergetics and in particular for sponsoring the International Workshop on Synergetics.

In a broad sense Design Science is the grammar of a language of images rather than of words. Modern communication techniques enable us to transmit and reconstitute images without the need of knowing a specific verbal sequential language such as the Morse code or Hungarian. International traffic signs use international image symbols which are not specific to any particular verbal language. An image language differs from a verbal one in that the latter uses a linear string of symbols, whereas the former is multidimensional. Architectural renderings commonly show projections onto three mutually perpendicular planes, or consist of cross sections at differ ent altitudes representing a stack of floor plans. Such renderings make it difficult to imagine buildings containing ramps and other features which disguise the separation between floors; consequently, they limit the creativity of the architect. Analogously, we tend to analyze natural structures as if nature had used similar stacked renderings, rather than, for instance, a system of packed spheres, with the result that we fail to perceive the system of organization determining the form of such structures.

This volume focuses on the modeling of cognition, and brings together contributions from psychologists and researchers in the field of cognitive science. The shared platform of this work is to advocate a dynamical systems approach to cognition. Several aspects of this approach are considered here: chaos theory, artificial intelligence and Alfie models, catastrophe theory and, most importantly, self-organization theory or synergetics. The application of nonlinear systems theory to cognitive science in general, and to cognitive psychology in particular, is a growing field that has gained further momentum thanks to new contributions from the science of robotics. The recent development in cognitive science towards an account of embodiment, together with the general approach of complexity theory and dynamics, will have a major impact on our psychological understanding of reasoning, thinking and behavior. Contents: Theory and Concepts:Synergetics and Some Applications to Psychology (H Haken)Defending the Dynamical Hypothesis (T van Gelder)From Continuous Dynamics to Symbols (H Jaeger)On Measures for Order and Its Relation to Complexity (J Shiner et al.)Synergetics of Human Creativity (H Knyazeva & H Haken)Dynamical Concepts in Cognitive Psychology:Situated Cognition, Ecological Perception, and Synergetics: A Novel Perspective for Cognitive Psychology? (W Tschacher & J-P Dauwalder)Attitudes and the Self as Self-Organising Systems (R Eiser)An Affect-Centered Model of the Psyche and Its Consequences for a New Understanding of Nonlinear Psychodynamics (L Ciompi)Formation and Adaptation of Schemata (T Bröcker & J Kriz)Simulations of Stagewise Development with a Symbolic Architecture (F Gobet)Autonomous Agents:The Embodied Cognitive Science Approach (C Scheier & R Pfeifer)A Computational Model of Spatial Development (K Hiraki et al.)Societies of Autonomous Agents and Their Reorganization (N Glaser & P Morignot)Investigations into Internal and External Aspects of Dynamic Agent-Environment Couplings (K Dautenhahn)A Formal Theory of Collective Intelligence (W Sulis)Empirical Studies:The Detection of Catastrophe Flags in Personally Relevant Decisions (M Coulson & S Nunn)Synergetic Organization in Speech Rhythm (F Cummins)Exploring the Dynamics of Personality Change with Time Series Models (F Keller et al.)Hierarchical Dynamics Affecting Work Performance in Organizations (S J Guastello) Readership: Psychologists, cognitive scientists, computer scientists, philosophers and biologists. Keywords:Artificial Intelligence (AI);Autonomous Agents;(Embodied) Cognition;(Situated) Cognition;Dynamical Systems;Dynamics;Embodiment;Psychology;Robot;Self-Organization;Synergetics