The Confederados

Of all the colonies founded by former Confederates in Latin America, the most important was established by William Norris at Americana in southeastern Brazil. For 125 years the people in Americana have held on to their language and customs, while prospering within and contributing to the larger Brazilian economy and society. The original settlers came from Alabama, Texas, Louisiana, Georgia, and South Carolina, and some of them returned home for visits from time to time. Much has been written about these people, but there has been relatively little scholarly inquiry into the historical context and the events of the migration itself, the cultural impact that these confederados exerted on their host country, and the ways in which the original settlers and their descendants fit into the larger Brazilian society. Most immigrant nationalities arriving in Brazil were quickly absorbed by the surrounding culture. Although the Confederates numbered but a few thousand and appeared earlier than most of the groups from other nations, they maintained distinctive traits, and many of their descendants still speak English as a first language. The editors provide an excellent scholarly examination of the confederados that is unique in its approach. This volume focuses on the Norris settlement, near present-day Americana, and makes clear the ways in which the Americans influenced Brazilian culture beginning in the 1860s and continuing to the present.

Stories of individual soldiers throughout history.

In the Spring of 1861 Union soldiers invaded Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia. The war was new there. But, in the volatile Trans Mississippi-West Theater the conflict was much older. Long before Fort Sumter, Unionist Jayhawkers and Confederate Bushwhackers killed with religious fervor along the Missouri-Kansas frontier and deep in the isolated Arkansas hills. Atrocities cloaked in partisan allegiance had made enemies of family and friends in a place like none other in the young nation. At war’s end the wounds were deep. The blood-soaked ground was seeded with hate. The victor’s anti-bellum harvest was swift and bitter: it was war by other means. Southerners left for the American West and Mexico. Some 20,000, known as Confederados, fled Reconstruction’s excesses all the way to Brazil. All hated their righteous oppressors. Led by the powerful and clandestine Knights of the Golden Circle, they envisioned a new, slave-holding Southern Empire anchored in Cuba. Men from all walks of life, openly and secretly, pursued the goal. The James and Younger gangs – and others, prominent and unknown – poured stolen treasure into the cause. A new war had begun, fought until the dawn of the 20th Century by Northern victors, Southern patriots. From the Missouri Ozarks, across the American West to the jungles of Brazil, both hunted once and forever enemies to their graves. This is a story of that conflict.

Professor Howard J. Wiarda, a leading academic expert on foreign policy, comparative politics, and international affairs, is the author of more than eighty books. Wiarda has traveled to many of the worlds most troubled and exciting places. Now, in the more personal accounts of his global travels, he recalls his foreign research adventures, the countries visited, and the people he met and interviewed along the way. Wiardas new four-volume set, Exploring the World: Adventures of a Global Traveler, details his travels and foreign adventures since 2006. In these travel books, he tells the stories that lie behind the research, offers his impressions of the countries and regions he has explored, and considers how and why some have been successful and others not. Volume I in this new series tells the story of Wiardas 2010 circumnavigation of the globe. Volume II focuses on Europe and the continued importance of European regionalismdespite the bumper stickers advertising Europe Whole and Free. Volume III deals with Latin America and questions whether the region is really as democratic as we would like it to be. Volume IV provides Wiardas analysis of Asias economic miracles while also recounting his recent visits to the Persian Gulf and his assessment of modernization and development in the Islamic world. Insightful and entertaining, Wiardas travel narratives offer commentary on important and interesting sites all over the world.

The Baltimore connection -- Moving to Brazil -- The importance of agricultural, social, and economic conditions in Brazil -- Ideologies: race, religion, politicians, and scientists -- Protestantism, education, and the Campo Cemetery grounds.

The first book to focus upon the immigration of Southerners to Brazil after the Civil War. The author is the descendant of Confederates who took part in the great Confederate migration in the 1860s. About 20,000 Southerners immigrated to Brazil, encouraged by Emperor Don Pedro. There they founded a city called American & were called Os Confederados by the Brazilians. These Southerners, largely of Scotch-Irish heritage, felt that in Brazil they could survive with honor, far away from the Yankees who had defeated them & invaded their land. Their cultural province in Brazil still exists & their descendants still celebrate the 4th of July.

Examines the qualitative nature of capitalism’s processes through the lens of social networks A Confluence of Transatlantic Network demonstrates how portions of interconnected trust-based kinship, business, and ideational transatlantic networks evolved over roughly a century and a half and eventually converged to engender, promote, and facilitate the migration of southern elites to Brazil in the post–Civil War era. Placing that migration in the context of the Atlantic world sharpens our understanding of the transborder dynamic of such mainstream nineteenth-century historical currents as international commerce, liberalism, Protestantism, and Freemasonry. The manifestation of these transatlantic forces as found in Brazil at midcentury provided disaffected Confederates with a propitious environment in which to try to re-create a cherished lifestyle.

The Lost Colony of the Confederacy is the story of a grim, quixotic journey of twenty thousand Confederates to Brazil at the end of the American Civil War. Although it is not known how many Confederates migrated to South America-estimates range from eight thousand to forty thousand-their departure was fueled by bitterness over a lost cause and a distaste for an oppressive victor. Encouraged by Emperor Dom Pedro, most of these exiles settled in Brazil. Although at the time of the Civil War the exodus was widely known and discussed as an indicator of the resentment against the Northern invaders and strict governmental measures, The Lost Colony of the Confederacy is the first book to focus on this mass migration. Eugene Harter vividly describes the lives of these last Confederates who founded their own city and were called Os Confederados. They retained much of their Southernness and lent an American flavor to Brazilian culture. First published in 1985, this work details the background of the exodus and describes the life of the twentiethcentury descendants, who have a strong link both to Southern history and to modern Brazil. The fires have cooled, but it is useful to understand the intense feelings that sparked the migration to Brazil. Southern ways have melded into Brazilian, and both are linked by the unbreakable bonds of history, as shown in this revealing account. The late EUGENE C. HARTER retired from the U.S. Senior Foreign Service and lived in Chestertown, Maryland, until his death in 2010. He was the grandson and greatgrandson of Confederates who left Texas and Mississippi as a part of the great Confederate migration in the late 1860s. Harter is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.