The Nirukta Its Place In Old Indian Literature Its Etymologies

The Nighatus are the glossaries or lists or rare and obscure words occurring in the Vedic hymns. According to Yaska they were collected and classified by the descendants of ancient sages for the easier understanding of the Vedic texts.The Nirukta is a famous work of Yaska. It is the oldest Indian Treatise on Etymology, Philology and Semantics. This being a commentary on the Nighantus collection of obscure words which tradition ascribes also to Yaska, follows the three-fold division of the contents of the Nighantus.

Contrastive study of Vedic and post-Vedic Sanskrit semantics and morphology based on the Nirukta, treatise on etymology, by Yaska.

Tat tvam asi is an extraordinary book enveloping the gamut of the Upanishadic insights in all their profundity and splendour. Its author is a literary genius with about40 books and compositions to his credit. The book, which has received over 12 awards from various institutions in India, is written in a style that is quiteUpanishadic and not easily comprehensible to the ordinary man. It also uplifts the imagination of the reader. This translation is an attempt to make Tat tvam asi reach aglobal audience unfamiliar with Upanishadic terms and concepts. It could not have been achieved without a background in Philosophy, both Indian and WesternNevertheless it was an arduous exercise to find suitable words to convey the correct meaning intended by the author. I am grateful to the author for giving me freedom to accomplish it in my own way as well as for accepting the translation as authentic Undertaking the work of translation was a highly satisfying and enrichingexperience. This translation, one hopes, will generate a renaissance in Upanishadic knowledge at an international level, as Tat tvam asi did in Kerala, when it was firstpublished.

The Indian tradition of semantic elucidation known as nirvacana analysis represented a powerful hermeneutic tool in the exegesis and transmission of authoritative scripture. Nevertheless, it has all too frequently been dismissed by modern scholars as anything from folk-etymology to a primitive forerunner of historical linguistics. Eivind Kahrs argues that such views fall short of explaining both its acceptance within the sophisticated grammatical tradition of vyakarana and its effective usage in the processing of Sanskrit texts. He establishes his argument by investigating the learned Sanskrit literature of Saiva Kashmir and explains the nirvacana tradition in the light of a model substitution, used at least since the time of the Upanisads and later refined in the technical literatures of grammar and ritual. According to this model, a substitute (adesa) takes the place (sthana) of the original placeholder (sthanin). On the basis of a searching analysis of Sanskrit texts, the author argues that this sthana place can be interpreted as meaning , the model thereby providing favourable circumstances for reinterpretation and change.

Up to & including the Age of Discoveries, the wealth of the East was thought in Europe to consist primarily of spices & aromatics. Cloves, nutmeg, mace, & sandalwood all were thought to come from a few small islands in easternmost Indonesia, which no European reached before 1500. Yet supplies of these luxury products were reaching China, India, western Asia, & the Mediterranean lands more than a thousand years earlier. This study of Moluccan spices opens with their natural history & nomenclature, & the discovery of the Islands by Europeans near the opposing (& controversial) limits of Spanish & Portuguese jurisdiction. Donkin traces the expanding interest & long-distance trade in cloves, nutmeg, & sandalwood, first to India & then to the adjacent Arabo-Persian world. The medieval West & China lay on the margins of diffusion, the former in touch with the Levant, the latter with the trading world of South East Asia.

Vedic civilization is rooted in the culture and traditions of the vedas. The vedas as we know, are the commandments of the God. Hence, Vedic civilization has survived the ravages of time, in spite of successive invasions of the alien civilizations. Limited aims of this book is to compile some of the unique perspectives of Vedic Civilization both at macro and micro levels.