Virus Insect Plant Interactions

In Virus-Insect-Plant Interactions, the world's leading scientists discuss the latest breakthroughs in understanding the biological and ecological factors that define these complex transmission systems and how this knowledge might be used to our advantage in producing innovative, user and environmentally friendly approaches to controlling the spread of plant pathogens by insects. This is an invaluable reference work for researchers, teachers, and students. There are many quick-reference figures and tables, the contents pages include individual chapter abstracts, and each chapter ends with its own bibliography. Presents the most significant research breakthroughs of the past two decades Contains eighteen chapters by forty-two world-renowned researchers Invaluable reference work for researchers, teachers and students Each chapter ends with its own bibliography Contents pages of forematter include individual chapter abstracts Contains many quick-reference figures and tables

Pathogens transmitted among humans, animals, or plants by insects and arthropod vectors have been responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout recorded history. Such vector-borne diseases â€" including malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and plague â€" together accounted for more human disease and death in the 17th through early 20th centuries than all other causes combined. Over the past three decades, previously controlled vector-borne diseases have resurged or reemerged in new geographic locations, and several newly identified pathogens and vectors have triggered disease outbreaks in plants and animals, including humans. Domestic and international capabilities to detect, identify, and effectively respond to vector-borne diseases are limited. Few vaccines have been developed against vector-borne pathogens. At the same time, drug resistance has developed in vector-borne pathogens while their vectors are increasingly resistant to insecticide controls. Furthermore, the ranks of scientists trained to conduct research in key fields including medical entomology, vector ecology, and tropical medicine have dwindled, threatening prospects for addressing vector-borne diseases now and in the future. In June 2007, as these circumstances became alarmingly apparent, the Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a workshop to explore the dynamic relationships among host, pathogen(s), vector(s), and ecosystems that characterize vector-borne diseases. Revisiting this topic in September 2014, the Forum organized a workshop to examine trends and patterns in the incidence and prevalence of vector-borne diseases in an increasingly interconnected and ecologically disturbed world, as well as recent developments to meet these dynamic threats. Participants examined the emergence and global movement of vector-borne diseases, research priorities for understanding their biology and ecology, and global preparedness for and progress toward their prevention, control, and mitigation. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

Most viruses that infect plants need an intermediary (vector) for their spread between plants. This book describes, for the main vector groups, the current state of knowledge of what happens to viruses in their passage through their vectors and what interactions within the vector determine whether or not they are passed on to new plants. This volume of Advances in Botanical Research brings together current research on virus-vector interactions, with chapters on aphids, fungi, whitefly, beetles, nematodes, thrips, leafhoppers, treehoppers, and planthoppers, and other vectors. Advances in Botanical Research is a multi-volume publication that brings together reviews by recognized experts on subjects of importance to those involved in botanical research. First published in 1963, Advances in Botanical Research has earned a reputation for excellence in the field for more than thirty years. In 1995, Advances in Botanical Research was merged with Advances in Plant Pathology to provide one comprehensive resource for the plant science community, with equal coverage of plant pathology and botany in both thematic and mixed volumes. Now edited by J.A. Callow (University of Birmingham, UK), supported by an international Editorial Board, Advances in Botanical Research publishes in-depth and up-to-date reviews on a wide range of topics which will appeal to post-graduates and researchers in plant sciences including botany, plant biochemistry, plant pathology and plant physiology. Eclectic volumes in the serial are supplemented by thematic volumes on such topics as Plant Protein Kinases, and Plant Trichomes. In 1999, the Institute for Scientific Information released figures showing that Advances in Botanical Research has an Impact Factor of 4.378, placing it 8th in the highly competitive category of Plant Sciences.

Plant viruses cause many of the most important diseases threatening crops worldwide. Over the last quarter of a century, an increasing number of plant viruses have emerged in various parts of the world, especially in the tropics and subtropics. As is generally observed for plant viruses, most of the emerging viruses are transmitted horizontally by biological vectors, mainly insects. Reverse genetics using infectious clones--available for many plant viruses--has been used for identification of viral determinants involved in virus-host and virus-vector interactions. Although many studies have identified a number of factors involved in disease development and transmission, the precise mechanisms are unknown for most of the virus-plant-vector combinations. In most cases, the diverse outcomes resulting from virus-virus interactions are poorly understood. Although significant advances have been made towards understand the mechanisms involved in plant resistance to viruses, we are far from being able to apply this knowledge to protect cultivated plants from the all viral threats.The aim of this Special Issue was to provide a platform for researchers interested in plant virology to share their recent results. To achieve this, we invited the plant virology community to submit research articles, short communications and reviews related to the various aspects of plant virology: ecology, virus-plant host interactions, virus-vector interactions, virus-virus interactions, and control strategies. This issue contains some of the best current research in plant virology.

Volume Brings Into Focus The Crucial Role Played By Insects In The Spread And Development Of Various Plant Diseases. Against The Background Of Advances In Plant Pathology, It Is Described How Bacterial, Fungus, Virus And Other Plant Diseases Are Transmitted Through Insects. Based On Author S Personal Research Work, A Number Of Diseases In Specifies Crops Have Been Discussed, Supplemented With Illustrations, Tables Of Technical Data And Diagrams. Also There Are Special Chapters On The Anatomy And Physiology Of Plants In Relation To Infection; Feeding And Breeding Habits To Insects; And The Techniques Particularly Useful For The Study Of Insect Transmission Of Plant Diseases. With Prolific Reference For Further And Deeper Information Appended To Each Of The Chapters, The Book Should Interest The Students And Scholars Of Entomology And Plant Pathology, Particularly. Contents: Chapter 1: Introduction; The Science Of Plant Pathology: Its Origin And Growth, The Passing Ofthe Exploratory And Descriptive Stage, Modern Emphasis On More Basic Problems, Insect Transmission A Neglected Borderline Field, Some Causes Of Neglect, Viewpoints Of Pathlogists And Entomologists, Some Results Of Neglect, Relation Of Dipterous Insects To Bacterial Soft Rot Misinterpreted, Failure To Recognize Role Of Flea Beetles In Transmitting Bacterial Wilt Of Corn, Confusion Of Tipburn And Hoppeburn Of Potatoes, Bark Beetles And Blue-Stain Fungi As Factors In Death Of Pines, Need For More And Better Cooperation, Possible Aids In Overcoming Difficulties In Cooperation, The Complexity Of The Phenomenon Of Insect Transmission, Biological And Evolutionary Aspects, Interaction Of Plant, Pathogen And Vector And Influence Of Environment, Need For Special Techniques, Lessons To Be Learned From Insect Transmission Of Animal Diseases, Chapter 2: The Interrelationships Of Plants And Insects; Close Association Of Insects And Plants In Evolutionary Past, Interdependence Of Plants And Insects, Phytophagous Insects: Methods Of Feeding, Injuries And Benefits, Entomophagous Plants, The Flycatcher, The Pitcher Plants, The Butterworts, The Sundews, The Bladderworts, The Venus S Flytrap, Nematode Entraping Fungi, Entomophthorous Plants: Bacterial Diseases Of Insects, Fungus Diseases, Virus Diseases, Protozoal Diseases, Entomophilous Plants, Agents Of Pollination, Origin Of Entomophily, Plant Adaptations, Insect Adaptations, Symbiosis Between Insects And Plants, Chpater 3: Symbiosis Between Insects And Microorganisms And Its Significance In Plant Pathology; Symbiosis, Origin Of The Term And Concept Expressed, Kind Of Symbiosis, Symbiosis Between Insects And Microorganisms, Ecotosymbiosis: Ambrosia, Beetles, And Fungi, Termites And Fungi, The Fungus Cultivating Ants, Endosymbiosis: Progressive Series Of Complexity, The Nature Of The Symbiotic Association, Septobasidium And Scale Insects, Bacteria And Dipterous Insects, The Drug Store Bettle And Yeast, Intracellular Symbiosis In The Homoptera, Mycetocytes And Mycetomes, Rikettsia, Chapter 4: The Relation Of Insects To The Spread And Development Of Plant Diseases; Historical Review: Poineer Work Of Waite On Insect Transmission Of Fire Blight, Takami And Rice Dwarf, Early Work On Sugar Beet Leaf Roll, Allard And Tobacco Mosaic, Parallel Developments In Insect Transmission Of Animal Diseases, The Olive Fly And Olive Knot, Bacterial Wilt Of Cucurbits And The Cucumber Beeltes, Norton S Review, Hopperburn Of Potatoes And Other Plants, Survey Of Field By Rand And Pierce, Symposium Of 1921, Buchner S Tier And Pflanze In Symbiose:, Boning S Review, Leach S Review, Symposium Of 1987, The Roles Played By Insects: Direct Disease Production, Dissemination Of The Pathogen, Inoculation, Ingression, Invasion, Preservation, Possible Role Of Insects In Origin Of New Diseases; Classification Of Methods Of Insects Transmission, Biologic And Evolutionary Significance Of Insect Transmission, Insect And Diploidization Of Heterothallic Fungi, Chapter 5: Plant Diseases Caused By Toxicogenic Insects; Nature Of Diseases Caused By Insects: Toxocogenic And Toxoniferous Insects, Phytotoxaemias , Or Toxicoses Compared With Virus Diseases, Stigmonose, Hopperburn, Toxicogenic Casid Bugs, Froghopper Blight Of Sugar Cane, Mealy Bug Wilt Of Pineapple, Green Spotting Of Pineapples, Psyllid Yellows Of Potatoes, Anasa Wilt Of Cucurbits, Insect Galls, Insect Causing Galls, Morphology Of Insect Galls, The Ambrosia Galls, The Gall Producing Stimulus, The Histology Of Galls, Chapter 6: Insects And Bacterial Diseases; Fire Blight Of Orchard Fruits, Soft Rot Of Plants And Dipterous Insects, Potato Blackleg, Softrot Of Crucifers And The Cabbage Maggot, The Heart Rot Of Celery, Bacterial Wilt Of Cucurbits, Bacterial Wilt Of Corn (Stewart S Disease), Olive Knot, Bacterial Rot Of Apples And The Apple Maggot, Gummosis Of Sugar Cane, A Bacterial Disease Of Willows And The Willow Borer, Bacterial Wilt Of Solanacea, Bacteriosis Of Prickly Pear Plants, Bacterial Gall Of Douglas Fir And Chermes Colleyi, Black Rot Of Crucifers, Angular Leaf Spot Of Tobacco And The Southern Tobacco Warm, Bean Bacteriosis And Thrips, Blade Blight Of Oats, Gardenia Bud Drop, The Spot Disease Of Cauliflower And Red Bordered Stink Bug, Bacteria Associated With Aphids Adn A Gall Of Witch Hazel, Chapter 7: Insects And Fungus Diseases; Ergot Of Cereals And Grasses, Bark Beetles And Blue Stain Of Conifers, The Dutch Elm Disease, Fig Diseases, Endosepsis, Souring, Smut, Perennial Canker Of Apple And The Wolly Aphis, European Canker And The Wolly Aphis, Bees And Downy Mildew Of Lima Beans, Plant Bugs And Stigmatomycosis, The Anther Smut Of Pinks, Blossom Blight Of Red Cover, Tree Cricket Canker Of Apple, Chest Nut Blight, Insects And Tomato Leaf Spot Diseases, Insects And Sooty Mold, Insects And Brown Rot Of Stone Fruits, The Potato Flea Beetle And Potato Scrab, Blackleg Of Cabbage And The Cabbage Maggot, Insects And Red Rot Of Sugar Cane, Insects And Diseases Of Mushrooms, Plum Wilt And The Peach Tree Borer, Insect Dissemination Of The Cotton Wilt Pathogen, Monochamus Spp. And The Heart Rot Of Conifers, Insects And A Sapwood Decay Of Conifers, Chapter 8: Insects And Virus Diseases; Virus Diseases: Apparent Increase In Prevalence And Probable Explanation, Number And Economic Importance, Nautre Of Viruses, Agents Of Viruse Dissemination: Wind, Water, Soil, Seed, Pollen, Other Plant Parts, Parasitic Fungi, Man, Insects, Orders Of Insects Containing Vectors Of Viruses, Orthoptera, Thysanoptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Methods Of Virus Transmission By Insects, Mechanical, Biological, Multiplication Of The Virus In The Insect Body, The Incubation Period In The Insect Body, Specificity Of Virus Transmission By Insect Vectors, The Obligatory Nature Of Insect Transmission Of Certain Viruses, The Relation Of The Age Or Life Stage Of The Insect Vectors And Its Ability To Transmit The Virus, Congenital Transmission Of Virus In The In The Insect Vector, The Effect Of The Virus On The Insect Vector, Chapter 9: Insects And Virus Diseases (Continued); Selected Examples Of Virus Diseases Transmitted By Insects, Transmission By Mechanical Sap Inoculation, Insect Transmission Purely Mechnical: Potato Spindle Tuber, Tobacco Mosaic, Yellow Dwarf Of Onions, Cucumber Mosaic, Western Celery Mosaic, Transmission By Aphids, Showing Group Specificity, Insect Transmission Not Entirely Mechanical: Sugar Cane Mosaic, Potato Leaf Roll, Transmission By Leaf Hoppers, Biological And Highly Specific: Curly Top Of Sugar Beet And Other Plants, Aster Yellows, False Blossom Of Cranberry, Potato Yellow Dwarf, The Fiji Diseases Of Sugar Cane, Transmission By Thrips, Biological And Specific: Spotted Wilt, Yellow Spot Of Pineapple, Trnasmission By Lace Bugs, Biological And Specific: Leaf Curl Of Sugar Beet, Savoy Of Beets, Transmission By White Flies, Biological And Specific: Leaf Curl Of Cotton, Cassava Mosaic, Transmission By Mites: Reversion Of Black Currants, Nature Of Transmission Obscure: Wheat Mosaic, Latent (X) Virus Of Potato, Chapter 10: Insects And Phytopathogenic Protozoa; Protoxoa As Plant Pathogens, Protozoa In Laticiferous Plants, Insect Tranmissions Of Endophytic Protozoa, Phloem Necrosis Of Coffee, Chapter 11: Mites, Nematodes, And Other Small Animals As Vectors Of Plant Diseases; Mites: Their Nature And Economic Importance, Mitesand The Silver Top Of June Grass And Bud Rot Of Carnations, Mites As Vectors Of Blue Stain Fungi, Of The Dutch Elm Disease, Of Microorgnaisms Causing Decay Of Plants, Of Reversion In Black Currants, Nematodes: Their Nature And Economic Importance, Nematodes And The Dilophospora Diseases Of Cereals, Root Nematodes As Agents Of Transmission Of Plant Pathogens, Earthworms And Club Root Of Crucifers, Slugs As Vectors Of Plant Pathogens, Birds As Vectors Of Chestnut Canker, Of Mistletoe, Chapter 12: The Anatomy And Physiology Of Plants In Relation To Infection And Insect Vectors; Natural Protection Of Plants Against Infection, The Relation Of Tissues To Insect Transmission Of Diseases: The Epidermis, The Stomata, Plasmodesmata, Hydathodes, Nectaries And Other Floral Organs, The Periderm, Would Cork, Callus, Latex Ducts, Physiology And Chemical Composition: Klendusity, Resistance Of Plants To Insects, Chapter 13: The Anatomy And Physiology Of Insects In Relation To The Transmission Of Plant Diseases; The Exoskeleton And Its Components, The Mouth Parts: The Labroum, The Epipharynx, The Mandibles, Themaxillae, The Hypopharynx, The Labium, The Mouth Parts Of Chewing Insects, Rasping Sucking Mouth Parts, Piercing Sucking Mouth Parts, The Mechanics Of Penetration By Sucking Mouth Parts, Sponging Mouth Parts, Siphoning Mout Hparts, Chewing Lapping Mouth Parts, The Salivary Glands, The Alimentary Canal, The Stomodaeum, The Mesenteron, The Proctodaeum, The Organs Of Reporudction, The Internal Genitalia, The External Genitalia, Chapter 16: The Inocual Of Plant Pathogens In Relation To Insect Transmission; The Nature Of Inocula Of Plant Pathogens, Bacteria: Size, Spores, Exudate, Resistance Of Natural Environment, Resistance Of Digestive Fluids Of Insects, Pleomorphism, Fungi, Vegetative Mycelium: Selerotia, Spores, Spores Horne In Sticky Matrix, Adherence Of Dry Spores, Resistance Of Spores To Natural Environment, Resistance To Digestive Fluids Of Insects, Odors And Colors Attractive To Insects, Food Value Of Spore Matrix, Place Of Spore Formation, Forcible Discharge Of Spores, Protozoa, Dependence Upon Insects For Disemination, Inoculation, And Ingresion, Viruses, Nature Of Inoculum, Wide Variability In Properties, Infection Requirements And Insect Inoculation, Seed Plants, Sticky Matrix Of Mistetoe Seed, Chapter 15: The Feeding And Breeding Habits Of Insects In Relation To The Transmission Of Plant Diseases; Feeding Habits, Necessity Of Regular Visitation Of Both Diseases And Healthy Plants, The Mechanics Of Feedings, Choice Of Food Plants, Host Relationships Of Aphids Classified, Insect Mortility, Tissue Selection, Breeding Habits, Ovipositions Wounds, Place Of Oviposition, Preference Of Breeding Hosts, Breeding Habits In Relation To Cultivation Practices, Insect Abundance, Chapter 16: Insect Transmission Of Animal Diseases Compared With Insect Transmission Of Plant Diseases; The Relationships Between Plant And Animal Pathology, Brief Historical Survey Of Medical Entomology, Mosquitoes And Filariasis, Cattle Ticks And Texas Fever, The Tsetse Fly And Nagana Diseases Of Cattle, The Tsetse Fly And Sleeping Sickness, Mosquitoes And Malaria, Mosquitoes And Yellow Fever, Mosquitoes And Dengue, Fleas And Bubonic Plague, Lice And Typhus Fever, Lice And Trench Fver, Flies And Typhoid Fever, A Comparison Of Insect Transmission Of Plant And Animal Diseases, Chapter 17: Methods Useful In The Study Of Insect Trnansmission Of Plant Diseases; Problems Of Techniques Presented By Borderline Field Of Study, Koch S Postulates, Their Application To Insect Transmitted Virus Diseases, Virus Purification, Rules Of Proof For Insect Transmission, Supplementary Data, Taxonomic Problems: Importance Of Correct Identification Of Insect Vectors, The Value Of Field Observations, Greenhouse Andcages, Insect Traps: Light Traps, Wind Traps, Microbiological Methods, Selective Media, Isolation Of Plants Pathogens From Insect Vectors, Histological Methods: Fixing Solution For Plant And Insect Materials, Staining, Miscellaneous Techniques For Special Purposes.

The book offers an integrated overview of plant–pathogen interactions. It discusses all the steps in the pathway, from the microbe–host-cell interface and the plant’s recognition of the microbe to the plant’s defense response and biochemical alterations to achieve tolerance / resistance. It also sheds light on the classes of pathogens (bacteria, fungus and viruses); effector molecules, such as PAMPs; receptor molecules like PRRs and NBS-LRR proteins; signaling components like MAPKs; regulatory molecules, such as phytohormones and miRNA; transcription factors, such as WRKY; defense-related proteins such as PR-proteins; and defensive metabolites like secondary metabolites. In addition, it examines the role of post-genomics, high-throughput technology (transcriptomics and proteomics) in studying pathogen outbreaks causing crop losses in a number of plants. Providing a comprehensive picture of plant-pathogen interaction, the updated information included in this book is valuable for all those involved in crop improvement.

Plant viruses are significant as they affect our food supply and are capable of rapidly spreading to new plant species, so a comprehensive study of plant viruses is important in understanding their pathogenesis and prevention. This book focuses on the plant virus evolution, their molecular classification, epidemics and management. The key features in the book includes genome organization, translation and replication, virus-coded proteinases, structure of virus particles, cell receptors and host range, the RNA polymerase, quasispecies dynamics and virus evolution, and its natural habitats.