An Investigation Of Tungdunge Mundhum A Kirat Mythology

Tungdunge Mundhum is a cultural heritage of the Kirat Limbu community. It is an ancestral worship in the Kirat community, especially of the Samba clan. It can be called a mythology. This study aims to look scientifically at the knowledge, values ​​, and beliefs hidden within the civilization. In this book, there is a task to find the story in the historical background. Here, the narrative is analyzed based on evidence and theory. The description is brought to a logical conclusion on the theoretical ground of the socio-biological model. Tungdunge Mundhum, a cultural mythology, should not be limited to a tradition. Thus, an attempt has been made to understand it from an anthropological point of view through the study. A preliminary review of this research has been published as a booklet and article, which is found to be read with interest by the reader. This book is more detailed on mythology belonging to the Kirat-Sen-Samba clan. History and genealogy indicate that the history of the Samba clan evolved with the Kirat-Sen-Samba lineage. This Mundhum is also found to be supportive of the historical facts. The study concentrated on that evidence. This research work will be helpful to the researcher as it has been analyzed and synthesized by various evidences. It includes ethnographic base, genealogy, and different perspectives of Kirat Limbu communities.

Human existence is believed to be incomplete without the enrichment of culture. Some individuals wholeheartedly immerse themselves in their cultural surroundings, while others observe from a distance. The ancient Kirat civilization of Nepal predates any religious texts we have. Unfortunately, their profound cultural wisdom has primarily faded, leading to a disheartening void in our understanding of ancient knowledge. The plight of the indigenous communities in the land nurtured by their toil and sacrifice is a cause for concern. Neglecting the valuable contributions of these indigenous communities in the name of progress leaves us incomplete. Through a thorough anthropological study of the Kirat Limbu community, we've arrived at factual and logical conclusions regarding the questions they've raised. This writer endeavors to share this information, driven purely by academic value and recognition. Recognizing his responsibility, this writer, in the later stages of life, has felt a sense of urgency in preserving the positivity of research. The book is published to document synthesized knowledge based on trustworthy information and data, thereby sharing it with readers. This book is expected to be a valuable resource for those seeking to understand the true essence of Nepali soil, to explore the rich Kirat civilization, its culture, and the intricate tapestry of ethnic issues—best of luck on this enlightening journey.

This book is an enlarged edition of my book "Kirat Itihas" written and Published in 1948 in Kalimpong. Its second edition was published in 1952 in Darjeeling. In compiling this book I have consulted the books of every authority, I have knowledge of, who has written on Kirat people ad their civilization. The European authors like Col. Krikpatric, F. Hamilton, D. Hodgson, Father Guiseppe and Lieut. Col. E. Vansitart, who wrote about the Kirat people of Nepal in 18th and 19th century gave me much help. The Indian authors like late Pandit Rahul Sankrityayan, S.K. Chatterjee and Vagava Datta, who took much interest in publishing the ancient account of Kirat people of Nepal and India, gave me much idea about them. Last of all, my own collection of the old Kirat MSS in Shrijunga or Limbu script and Lapcha or Rong script became the base of this work. In this connection, I thank Mr. R.K. Sprigg, Professor of the school of Oriental and African Studies, London, who very kindly helped me in acquiring the micro film photo of the old Kirat MSS from the India Office Library, London. I also thank to all my friends who very kindly helped me in collecting materials for the composition of this book. Iman Singh Chemjong Specialist Kirat Language and Literature Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu,Nepal

A genealogy is an orderly list of males or fathers, sons or descendants. It has been discovered that genealogy evolves through biological kinship and socio-cultural adaption. As a result, genealogy is the study of a clan's origin, history, and behavior. This ethnic knowledge exposes their mythical and historical past and social and cultural development. A family tree is yet another name for a genealogy. However, I discovered a significant distinction between genealogy and family tree. I found an unequal situation to the evolution of a plant's stem and branches, as indicated in the clan family tree. There is also a Misal Bhai, Manas Putra, or adopted brother arrangement among the clan. Even when there is a majority of the hereditary or biological family, including an inclusive element is crucial in any surname, caste, or nation (Samba, Limbu, Rai, Kirat, etc.). So, there is confusion caused by the term "family tree." People often equate the beginning of their clan to a tree or a branch when they visualize it. It is currently thought that all children with the same last name share the same biological father. To clear up this misunderstanding, the term "genealogy" would seem more fitting than "family tree." However, I used both words throughout the book. The genealogy I have provided is more schematic nomenclature than objective details. According to history and genealogy, the Phyang family rose to prominence within the Samba family around 300 years ago. Similarly, it is believed that the Samba dynasty connected to Phyang emerged from the Sen Rai community circa 700 years ago. Sen's ascent can be traced back to the Kirat people thousands of years ago. That expression serves as a framework for understanding history. Today, we have credible data, evidence, or material about the history of Sen and Kirat. These evidence or documents are dispersed. However, the history and knowledge of the Samba community or the Phyang family have been restricted to a small family. Many of its facts have vanished. The process of determining the lineage of Samba Phyang has been completed here based on the remaining evidence and information. If viewed as a model, this genealogy's circumstances and content can be utilized in other community studies.

An extensive examination of the underpinnings of the Shaivite Tradition • Reveals the influence of Shaivism on the Western world • Discusses Shaivism’s understanding of sacred sexuality • Presents the connections between Vedic poetry and metaphysics In Shiva and the Primordial Tradition, Alain Daniélou explores the relationship between Shaivism and the Western world. Shaivite philosophy does not oppose theology, cosmology, and science because it recognizes that their common aim is to seek to understand and explain the nature of the world. In the Western world, the idea of bridging the divide between science and religion is just beginning to touch the edges of mainstream thought. This rare collection of the late author’s writings contains several never-before-published articles and offers an in-depth look at the many facets of the Samkhya, the cosmologic doctrines of the Shaivite tradition. Daniélou provides important revelations on subjects such as the science of dreams, the role of poetry and sexuality in the sacred, the personality of the great Shankara, and the Shaivite influence on the Scythians and the Parthians (and by extension, the Hellenic world in general). Providing a convincing argument in favor of the polytheistic approach, he explains that monotheism is merely the deification of individualism--the separation of humanity from nature--and that by acknowledging the sacred in everything, we can recognize the imprint of the primordial tradition.

This 500,000 word reference work provides the most comprehensive general treatment available of the peoples and places of the regions commonly referred to as the ancient Near and Middle East – extending from the Aegean coast of Turkey in the west to the Indus river in the east. It contains some 1,500 entries on the kingdoms, countries, cities, and population groups of Anatolia, Cyprus, Syria-Palestine, Mesopotamia, and Iran and parts of Central Asia, from the Early Bronze Age to the end of the Persian empire. Five distinguished international scholars have collaborated with the author on the project. Detailed accounts are provided of the Near/Middle Eastern peoples and places known to us from historical records. Each of these entries includes specific references to translated passages from the relevant ancient texts. Numerous entries on archaeological sites contain accounts of their history of excavation, as well as more detailed descriptions of their chief features and their significance within the commercial, cultural, and political contexts of the regions to which they belonged. The book contains a range of illustrations, including twenty maps. It serves as a major, indeed a unique, reference source for students as well as established scholars, both of the ancient Near Eastern as well as the Classical civilizations. It also appeals to more general readers wishing to pursue in depth their interests in these civilizations. There is nothing comparable to it on the market today.

The Dhimal are an ethnic minority group of some 20 000 people in the southeastern part of Nepal and adjacent parts of India. Their language is linguistically related to the family of Sino-Tibetan languages. They are one of the 59 recognized indigenous groups who lived on what is today Nepali soil long before the Indo-Aryans arrived with their Hindu culture and caste system constituting the ethnic majority group in Nepal today. In Linguistics and Cultural Anthropology, very little is known about the ethnic group of the Dhimals. The author descends from the Dhimal community himself and has presented a dissertation with a wealth of valuable linguistic and ethnographic data. This massive work is likely to become a standard work on the Dhimal community not only in linguistic terms but also with respect to Cultural Anthropology.

Bon Is One Of The Basic Cultural Strata Of Tibet. Understanding It Is A Must For A Well Balanced Understanding Tibet. The Book Arises Out Of An International Symposium Entitled New Horizons To Bon Studies Held In Japan In 1999. It Presents The Edited Fruits Of This Symposium Which Are Categorized As-Bon And Its Relationship To Buddhism Dzongs-Chen Doctrines-Myths And Rituals-Monasteries And Lay Communities Bon Is A Wider Context. Has 2 Indexes-General Index And Tibetan Index.