Biological Periodicity

Contents. Introduction. Acknowledgments. Part I Periodic Distribution of Properties in Chemical Elements and Minerals. Chapter 1. Periodicity in Chemical Elements. The Order in Chemical ElementsTook Over 100 Years to Establish. The Periodicity of Properties. The Mechanism Underlying the Periodicity in the Chemical Elements. Graphic Display of Chemical Periodicity. Numerous Properties Exhibit Periodic Trends. Anomalies Already Exist at the Level of Chemical Periodicity. Chapter 2. Periodicity in Minerals. Mineral Classification in Based on Chemical Hierarchy. The Periodicity of the Elements Has Determined the Periodicity of Properties in Minerals. Structural and Functional Periodicity-Emergence of the SAme Pattern and Proto-Function in Different Mineral Classes. Part II Periodic Distribution of Functions in Living Organisms. Chapter 3. Period Flight. The Preparation of the Graphs Revealing Biological Periodicity. Flight in Insects Arose from Nowhere. Flight Developed Independently at Five Different Times in Biological Evolution. Flight is Both a Structural and a Functional Process. Flight Demands Many More Structures and Functions than the Existence of a Wing. A Series of Similarities Between the Flight of Insects and that of Birds. Comparison Between the Flight of Bats and Birds. Comparison Between the Flight of Pterosaurs and Birds. The Emergence of Flight in Fish Does Not Appear to be Directly Related to the Environment. Flight in Fish. A Wing and a Fin Can be Made With or Without Bones. The Wing of an Insect and that of a Bird Turn Out to be Built by the Same Genes. Characteristics of Flight Periodicity. Chapter 4. Period Vision. Light-Sensitivity is an Integral Part of the Original Cell Construction. Plant Leaves are Mosaics of Microlenses. Comparison Between the Compound Eyes of Insects and the Light-Sensitive Cells of Leaves. Features of Periodicity in Vision. The Type of Eyes Present from the Protozoa to the Early Chordates. Comparison Between the Eyes of Humans and Cephalopods. Vision Within Insects Displays Periodicity. The Independent Evolution of the Eye Vision and Environment. The Insect Eye and the Human Eye are Produced by the Same Type of Genes. General Features of Vision Periodicity. Chapter 5. Period Placenta. Definition of Placenta. Placenta in Flowering Plants. The Placenta in Invertebrates. The Placenta is Present in Fish. The Placenta in Amphibians and Reptiles. The Placenta Does Not Exist or is Rudimentary in Marsupials. The Periodicity of the Placenta. Chapter 6. Period Bioluminescence. Luminescence in Minerals. Chemical Processes Involved in Bioluminescence. The Occurrence of Bioluminescence. Characteristic Features of Bioluminescence. The Periodicity of Bioluminescence. Chapter 7. Period Penis. The Periodicity of the Occurrence of the Penis Similarities Between the Penis of Humans and Invertebrates. Water Performs with Equal Efficiency the Function of Bones and Other Supporting Tissues. The Emergence of the Penis is Not Directly Related to the General Environment or Organism Complexity. Chapter 8. Period Return to Aquatic Life. Water Changes the Configuration of Minerals and Macromolecules. The Plants that Live in Water have Streamlined Forms. The Plants Reveal that No Change in Genetic Constitution is Necessary to Produce a Novel Hydrodynamic Form and Function. Water-Air and Air-Water Transformations in Plants Experimental Demonstration that Water Decides the Leaf Pattern. The Transformations Involved in the Return to Water in Invertebrates are Similar to Those that Occur Later in Higher Mammals. The Conquest of the Land and the Return to Water in Amphibians. Structural and Functional Modifications in Reptiles Following the Transfer to Aquatic Life. The Hydrodynamic Forms and Functions of Birds Derive from Those of Land Relatives. The Return of Mammals to Aquatic Life Occured Several Times and from Different Orders. The Return of the Carnivores to Water: The Seals. The Sea Cows are Derived from the An

The DNA sequencing of a series of living organisms has elucidated many biological problems. But the internal atomic and electronic evolution of DNA remains to be mapped in detail. RNA and DNA now appear to be the prime determinants of biological evolution leading to the sudden appearance of novel organism structures and functions that emerge "ready made" as a surprise to the organism. This has been demonstrated by the manipulation of genes that led to the sudden production of additional complete wings and legs in flies and birds. The study of this internal atomic construction of macromolecules is being investigated at the large electron accelerators such as the MAX IV Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Lund University, Sweden. The periodicity of the chemical elements is well known from its iconic Table. Significantly, this periodicity can now be seen to extend to the properties of living organisms. Biological properties as different as: flight, vision, luminescence and regeneration, as well as others, show unexpectedly periodic emergence. They resurface, without previous announcement, in most unrelated plant and animal families and they emerge irrespective of whether the organism is a simple invertebrate or a most complex mammal. Moreover, this periodicity does not necessarily start at the cell or DNA levels but appears initially in crystals and minerals, where it is shown to be a pure atomic and electronic process, e.g. in luminescence and regeneration. The assembled molecular evidence led to the construction of Periodic Tables of living organisms, placing them in a position comparable to the periodicity of the chemical elements. Surprisingly, there are striking resemblances between the periodicities of the chemical elements and those of living organisms. In addition, the two types of Tables increase our insight into the events directing atomic evolution since the periodic law established in chemical elements turns out to be applicable to the periodicity of living organisms. The new Periodic Tables introduce a predictive capacity in biological evolution that before was hardly contemplated. Contents: Biological Evolution is Now Being Studied at the Level of Elementary ParticlesThe Unexpected Surge of Periodicity Among Plants and Animals is Anchored to that of Elementary Particles and Chemical ElementsCarnivory in Plants is Not a "Paradoxical Event" but is Due to the Expression of Specific Genes and Chemical Modifications of DNALuminescence Occurs from Minerals to Fish but not Beyond. It is Both an Electronic and a Genetic EventPlacenta in Plants and in Animals. Its Punctuated Emergence is Decided by Common GenesPenis Evolution from Worms to Humans — A Double Penis Occurs in Most Unrelated SpeciesRegeneration Starts in Crystals, Expands in Plants, but Slows Down in Higher VertebratesThe Eye, the Main Organ of Vision, has had an Ordered Evolution Guided By Self-AssemblyFlight in Air, an Explosive Event Throughout Invertebrates and VertebratesHigh Mental Ability has Resurged Without Previous AnnouncementThe Structural and Functional Similarity Between Marsupials and Placentals has Its Roots in the Plant and Mineral WorldsThe Periodic Tables Lead to a Law of Biological Periodicity which has Predictive Power Readership: Researchers in life science, general public. Keywords: Chemical Periodicity;Biological Periodicity;DNA EvolutionReview: Key Features: This book contains a unique treatment of periodicity at the biological level and of DNA's own atomic evolution

(Chapters 11 to 14) summarise important features of the biological clock at the level of whole animal covering all vertebrate classes (fish to mammal). Chapters 15 and 16 are on long term (seasonal) rhythms in plants and higher vertebrates. Short term rhythms (ultradian rhythms), the significance of having a clock system in animals living in extreme (arctic) environments, and the diversity of circadian responses to melatonin, the key endocrine element involved in regulation of biological rhythms, have been discussed in Chapters 17 to 19. Finally, a chapter on sensitivity to light of the photoperiodic clock is added which, using vertebrate examples, illustrates the importance of wavelength and intensity of light on circadian and non-circadian functions. A well-known expert writes each chapter. When presenting information, the text provides consistent thematic coverage and feeling for the methods of investigation. Reference citation within the body of the text adequately reflects the literature as subject is developed. A chapter begins with an abstract that enables a reader to know at the first glance the important points covered in that chapter. The chapter concludes with a full citation of references included in the text, which could be useful for further reading. The book ends with a comprehensive subject index that may be useful for quick searches.

"The DNA sequencing of a series of living organisms has elucidated many biological problems. But the internal atomic and electronic evolution of DNA remains to be mapped in detail. RNA and DNA now appear to be the prime determinants of biological evolution leading to the sudden appearance of novel organism structures and functions that emerge "ready made" as a surprise to the organism. This has been demonstrated by the manipulation of genes that led to the sudden production of additional complete wings and legs in flies and birds. The study of this internal atomic construction of macromolecules is being investigated at the large electron accelerators such as the MAX IV Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Lund University, Sweden. The periodicity of the chemical elements is well known from its iconic Table. Significantly, this periodicity can now be seen to extend to the properties of living organisms. Biological properties as different as: flight, vision, luminescence and regeneration, as well as others, show unexpectedly periodic emergence. They resurface, without previous announcement, in most unrelated plant and animal families and they emerge irrespective of whether the organism is a simple invertebrate or a most complex mammal. Moreover, this periodicity does not necessarily start at the cell or DNA levels but appears initially in crystals and minerals, where it is shown to be a pure atomic and electronic process, e.g. in luminescence and regeneration. The assembled molecular evidence led to the construction of Periodic Tables of living organisms, placing them in a position comparable to the periodicity of the chemical elements. Surprisingly, there are striking resemblances between the periodicities of the chemical elements and those of living organisms. In addition, the two types of Tables increase our insight into the events directing atomic evolution since the periodic law established in chemical elements turns out to be applicable to the periodicity of living organisms. The new Periodic Tables introduce a predictive capacity in biological evolution that before was hardly contemplated."--Publisher's website.

As 2019 has been declared the International Year of the Periodic Table, it is appropriate that Structure and Bonding marks this anniversary with two special volumes. In 1869 Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleev first proposed his periodic table of the elements. He is given the major credit for proposing the conceptual framework used by chemists to systematically inter-relate the chemical properties of the elements. However, the concept of periodicity evolved in distinct stages and was the culmination of work by other chemists over several decades. For example, Newland’s Law of Octaves marked an important step in the evolution of the periodic system since it represented the first clear statement that the properties of the elements repeated after intervals of 8. Mendeleev’s predictions demonstrated in an impressive manner how the periodic table could be used to predict the occurrence and properties of new elements. Not all of his many predictions proved to be valid, but the discovery of scandium, gallium and germanium represented sufficient vindication of its utility and they cemented its enduring influence. Mendeleev’s periodic table was based on the atomic weights of the elements and it was another 50 years before Moseley established that it was the atomic number of the elements, that was the fundamental parameter and this led to the prediction of further elements. Some have suggested that the periodic table is one of the most fruitful ideas in modern science and that it is comparable to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, proposed at approximately the same time. There is no doubt that the periodic table occupies a central position in chemistry. In its modern form it is reproduced in most undergraduate inorganic textbooks and is present in almost every chemistry lecture room and classroom. This second volume provides chemists with an overview of the important role played by the Periodic Table in advancing our knowledge of solid state and bioinorganic chemistry. It also illustrates how it has been used to fine-tune the properties of compounds which have found commercial applications in catalysis, electronics, ceramics and in medicinal chemistry.

The book deals with biological, mathematical, descriptive, causal and systemic phyllotaxis. It aims at reflecting the widest possible range of ideas and research closely related to phyllotaxis and contains 30 well illustrated chapters.The book has three parts of equal importance. The first two parts concern data collecting, pattern recognition and pattern generation to which students of phyllotaxis are well accustomed. The third part is devoted to the problem of origins of phyllotactic patterns, giving the field of phyllotaxis the universality it requires to be fully understood.Phyllotaxis-like patterns are found in places where genes are not necessarily present. Part III concerns general comparative morphology, homologies with phyllotactic patterns, and recent trends on evolution that can help to understand phyllotaxis.The distinguished researchers who accepted to participate in the production of this book, strongly contributed to the field of phyllotaxis in the past and have devoted a lot of their time to the fascinating subject coming up with most valuable findings, or are newcomers with original ideas that may be very relevant for the future of the field. The book summarizes and updates their contributions, and promotes new avenues in the treatment of phyllotaxis.This book on mathematical and biological phyllotaxis is the first collective book ever. A landmark in the history of phyllotaxis.