Cellular Metabolism In Health And Disease

Cellular metabolism refers to the set of chemical reactions that take place within the cells of living organisms for maintaining life. Complex sequences of well controlled biochemical reactions are a part of cellular metabolism. These processes enable organisms to develop and reproduce, preserve their structural integrity and adapt to changes in their environment. Cell metabolism reflects the state of the cell's health. The mitochondrion is the primary source of energy for the cell, where bioenergetic processes take place by absorbing fuel sources like fatty acids and glucose. Afterwards, it gets converted into energy through a series of enzymatic reactions. Cellular bioenergetics deregulation results in various pathologies, like neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and diabetes. Cancer is characterized by altered cellular metabolism which aids in the development, growth and maintenance of tumors, as well as malignant transformation. This book contains some path-breaking studies on the role of cellular metabolism in health and disease. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Immunometabolism has emerged as an intersectional crossroad between metabolism and immune response. Over the past decade, it has become clear that most - if not all - immune cell functions are not separated from cellular metabolism. Although seminal works have addressed the metabolic fate of immune cells during differentiation and function, the physiological status of a given tissue is also dependent on the cell metabolism. The dialogue between immune cells and their microenvironment can also modulate cellular metabolism, which can trigger the onset and progression of a multitude of inflammation-mediated diseases. Thus, uncovering the specific characteristics of the metabolism in different immune cells types and in different conditions, can shed light into the molecular mechanisms of disease and help develop new drugs and therapeutic strategies to treat immune diseases. The edited volume Essentials aspects of Immunometabolism will give the readers a broad view on how metabolic pathways can influence many types of immune cells during activation, differentiation and function, in health and disease. Of note, the structure of the book was created thinking not only on the experienced immunologist but also on undergraduate and graduate students, physicians, and all members of the scientific community interested in this exciting field of research.

This book deals with a vital topic: metabolism in the cells of the body and various disorders due to its imbalance and/or diseases that disrupt the metabolism of the body. The objective of this book was to collect and compile up-to-date information from reputed researchers in their respective fields to disseminate the latest information about topics that have profound effects on the metabolic processes in the body including insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, metabolic syndrome, glycogen storage disease, and the urea cycle disorder. In total, there are 12 chapters in this book in which the authors have shared their research findings and real-life experiences in managing their patients.

Protein degradation has been identified as a major mechanism for the regulation of cellular functions. Not surprisingly, its deregulation is implied in almost any pathological condition. This book describes how aged proteins are eliminated during cell metabolism, how cell proliferation is regulated by protein degradation and how its deregulation can contribute to the development of cancer, how protein degradation is modified during normal and abnormal aging, in particular with regard to Alzheimer's disease and other degenerative diseases of the brain and central nervous system. Attempts aiming at correcting these pathologies by interfering with deviations of the normal pathway of protein degradation are also treated.

Obesity and its co-morbidities, including atherosclerosis, insulin resistance and diabetes, are a world-wide epidemic. Inflammatory immune responses in metabolic tissues have emerged as a universal feature of these metabolic disorders. While initial work highlighted the contribution of macrophages to tissue inflammation and insulin resistance, recent studies demonstrate that cells of the adaptive immune compartment, including T and B lymphocytes and dendritic cells also participate in obesity-induced pathogenesis of these conditions. However, the molecular and cellular pathways by which the innate and adaptive branches of immunity control tissue and systemic metabolism remain poorly understood. To engage in growth and activation, cells need to increase their biomass and replicate their genome. This process presents a substantial bioenergetic challenge: growing and activated cells must increase ATP production and acquire or synthesize raw materials, including lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. To do so, they actively reprogram their intracellular metabolism from catabolic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis and other anabolic pathways. This metabolic reprogramming is under the control of specific signal transduction pathways whose underlying molecular mechanisms and relevance to physiology and disease are subject of considerable current interest and under intense study. Recent reports have elucidated the physiological role of metabolic reprogramming in macrophage and T cell activation and differentiation, B- and dendritic cell biology, as well as in the crosstalk of immune cells with endothelial and stem cells. It is also becoming increasingly evident that alterations of metabolic pathways play a major role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders. Due to the scientific distance between immunologists and experts in metabolism (e.g., clinicians and biochemists), however, there has been limited cross-talk between these communities. This collection of articles aims at promoting such cross-talk and accelerating discoveries in the emerging field of immunometabolism.

“Metabolism of Human Diseases” examines the physiology of key organs (e.g. brain, eye, lung, heart, blood vessels, blood, immune system, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, fat tissue, kidney, reproductive system, teeth, bone and joints) and how defective metabolism and signaling pathways within these organs contribute to common human diseases. The latter include depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, migraine, multiple sclerosis, Down syndrome, macular degeneration, glaucoma, asthma, COPD, pneumonia, atherosclerotic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, varicose veins, Sickle cell disease, hyperlipidemia, fever, sepsis, allergies, peptic ulcer, gastroenteritis, lactose intolerance, colon cancer, diabetes, cirrhosis, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, gout, urinary tract infections, kidney stones, dental caries, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, breast cancer and prostate cancer. The book also describes commonly used drugs and explains their molecular targets. It provides the first comprehensive and detailed summary of the metabolism of individual organs and their physiological and pathological functioning. Thus it serves as a useful supplement to previous textbooks of human physiology. “Metabolism of Human Diseases” is a must-have, state-of-the-art textbook written by International experts for graduate students, postdocs and scientists in metabolic research, biochemistry, physiology and pharmacy as well as for physicians interested in molecular mechanisms underlying common human diseases.

"This book is very easy reading and took me back to previous biology courses. The author questions the role of certain parts of the cell. The chapters on food chemistry with emphasis on vitamins and their role in our everyday life were quite illuminating. I believe that Leonard Sonnenschein has given us new insight into the metabolism of plants and animals." Nathaniel H. Murdock, M. D. Past President of the National Medical Association Associate Professor at the Washington University School of Medicine Board certified in obstetrics-gynecology Description: Everything you learned about metabolism in your first science class is wrong! Every generation has become astounded by the advances in science within their generation. This book will review what is known about cellular metabolism and how it governs your health. You will then be amazed how the absorption of nutrients affects your wellness, your beauty and longevity. You will also find out that most nutritional supplements, most cosmetics and, indeed, most pharmaceuticals are not designed for optimal absorption, therefore you are not getting the necessary nutrition and other products that you expect and need for the best life. You will find out about BOOSTER, which is based on an organic and natural process of the cell that can change your life, and how it's technology can be included in your consumer choice of the nutritional, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products you use. Come explore this fascinating discovery that can help you! *Proceeds from the sale of this book go to support the World Aquarium and its Conservation for the Oceans Foundation In this book, we lay out a detailed analysis of how the cell works and presented a new theory that the cell is not controlled by the nucleus, but rather by the cell wall. We then show the logic of this mechanism for modulation of immunity, nutritional status, transmission from extra cellular status to intercellular delivery, and the data supporting this new theory. When using this mechanistic understanding of this new metabolic pathway for plants and animals, it necessitates the change in most formulations for improved active ingredient action of the products we use for nutrition, cosmetics, animal and plant culture, and health. To improve cellular action, the ionic consistency of the active ingredient(s) need to balance with the intracellular status. Furthermore, if the desired active ingredient for intracellular transmission is larger than the normal size pore of the cell being targeted, then a transitory delivery mechanism needs to be employed. BOOSTER is such a mechanism. Results from independent laboratory trials show that BOOSTER's delivery methodology can yield ten times the absorption of large molecule products into the cell for metabolic transmission. Additional studies for the past 20 years have shown that GroFish's ionic assaults to the cell wall can stimulate improved cell states such as immunity, growth, hormonal and energy status. This translates to improved methods of agriculture and aquaculture. Indeed, this methodology can deliver healthier animals, more nutritious food products and be beneficial to the environment. We, as consumers, can participate in this health and sustainability revolution by demanding that the products we eat, use for wellness and cosmetics include BOOSTER and GroFish technology.

This book offers a broad overview of the concepts and research findings in immunometabolism. The immune system is made up of numerous different cell types, pathways, and components that must be able to respond rapidly to a pathogen or cancer, but must also remain quiescent in the absence of challenges. Immune cells rely on metabolic pathways to adapt to changing environments and stimuli. Additionally, these cells can be modified in function or fate by fluctuations in available nutrients. The chapters in this book describe ways in which immune cells utilize and are regulated by metabolic pathways. Topics include how immune-cell metabolism shapes immune homeostasis, and how dysregulation of these pathways can lead to immune disorders. In different contexts, such as a tumor microenvironment, immune-cell function and identity may be modified not only by cytokines and checkpoint molecules, but also by nutrient availability and other metabolic stimuli. Transcriptional reprogramming confers many of the changes in immune cell metabolism that are seen when a T-cell, for example, undergoes activation or functional adaptation to different environments. Lastly, immune cells can destructively or protectively participate in human metabolic homeostasis or disorders. This book summarizes immune-metabolism from a variety of different perspectives, including the ways in which metabolic cues, pathways, and requirements of immune cells change in conditions of homeostasis and activation. The exploration of the significance of metabolic checkpoints and other cues, particularly in the context of cancer and immune disorders, may form the foundation for the development of therapeutics.