High Temperature Strain Of Metals And Alloys

Creep and fatigue are the most prevalent causes of rupture in superalloys, which are important materials for industrial usage, e.g. in engines and turbine blades in aerospace or in energy producing industries. As temperature increases, atom mobility becomes appreciable, affecting a number of metal and alloy properties. It is thus vital to find new characterization methods that allow an understanding of the fundamental physics of creep in these materials as well as in pure metals. Here, the author shows how new in situ X-ray investigations and transmission electron microscope studies lead to novel explanations of high-temperature deformation and creep in pure metals, solid solutions and superalloys. This unique approach is the first to find unequivocal and quantitative expressions for the macroscopic deformation rate by means of three groups of parameters: substructural characteristics, physical material constants and external conditions. Creep strength of the studied up-to-date single crystal superalloys is greatly increased over conventional polycrystalline superalloys. From the contents: - Macroscopic characteristics of strain at high temperatures - Experimental equipment and technique of in situ X-ray investigations - Experimental data and structural parameters in deformed metals - Subboundaries as dislocation sources and obstacles - The physical mechanism of creep and the quantitative structural model - Simulation of the parameters evolution - System of differential equations - High-temperature deformation of industrial superalloys - Single crystals of superalloys - Effect of composition, orientation and temperature on properties - Creep of some refractory metals For materials scientists, solid state physicists, solid state chemists, researchers and practitioners from industry sectors including metallurgical, mechanical, chemical and structural engineers.

* Numerous line drawings with consistent format and units allow easy comparison of the behavior of a very wide range of materials * Transmission electron micrographs provide a direct insight in the basic microstructure of metals deforming at high temperatures * Extensive literature review of over 1000 references provide an excellent reference document, and a very balanced discussion Understanding the strength of materials at a range of temperatures is critically important to a huge number of researchers and practitioners from a wide range of fields and industry sectors including metallurgists, industrial designers, aerospace R&D personnel, and structural engineers. The most up-to date and comprehensive book in the field, Fundamentals of Creep in Metals and Alloys discusses the fundamentals of time-dependent plasticity or creep plasticity in metals, alloys and metallic compounds. This is the first book of its kind that provides broad coverage of a range of materials not just a sub-group such as metallic compounds, superalloys or crystals. As such it presents the most balanced view of creep for all materials scientists. The theory of all of these phenomena are extensively reviewed and analysed in view of an extensive bibliography that includes the most recent publications in the field. All sections of the book have undergone extensive peer review and therefore the reader can be sure they have access to the most up-to-date research, fully interrogated, from the world’s leading investigators. · Numerous line drawings with consistent format and units allow easy comparison of the behavior of a very wide range of materials · Transmission electron micrographs provide a direct insight in the basic microstructure of metals deforming at high temperatures · Extensive literature review of over 1000 references provide an excellent reference document, and a very balanced discussion

This volume organizes information by alloy so that pertinent data can be found easily. Physical and mechanical properties from room temperature to temperatures in excess of 100 C are shown graphically or in tabular form. All data is thoroughly referenced. Now high-temperature property data can be found in one complete reference! Over 200 alloys are organized by AISI number into 11 major sections: Irons, Carbon Steels, Alloy Steels, ASTM Steels, Low Alloy Constructional Steels, Ultra High Strength Steels, Tool Steels, Maraging Steels, Wrought Stainless Steels, Heat Resistant Casting Alloys, and Wrought Iron-Nickel Alloys and Iron-Nickel Superalloys. Each alloy record lists the designation, specifications, UNS number composition product forms and a comment on the high-temperature properties and applications. Data is then given for physical properties such as density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, electrical conductivity. Poisons ratio, moduli of elasticity and rigidity, etc. Mechanical properties follow, and include tensile properties, shearing and bearing properties, impact properties, creep, stress rupture and stress relaxation, and fatigue properties.The last part of the alloy record gives other effects of temperature, such as hot hardness, corrosion, and growth.

By the late 1940s, and since then, the continuous development of dislocation theories have provided the basis for correlating the macroscopic time-dependent deformation of metals and alloys—known as creep—to the time-dependent processes taking place within the metals and alloys. High-temperature deformation and stress relaxation effects have also been explained and modeled on similar bases. The knowledge of high-temperature deformation as well as its modeling in conventional or unconventional situations is becoming clearer year by year, with new contemporary and better performing high-temperature materials being constantly produced and investigated. This book includes recent contributions covering relevant topics and materials in the field in an innovative way. In the first section, contributions are related to the general description of creep deformation, damage, and ductility, while in the second section, innovative testing techniques of creep deformation are presented. The third section deals with creep in the presence of complex loading/temperature changes and environmental effects, while the last section focuses on material microstructure–creep correlations for specific material classes. The quality and potential of specific materials and microstructures, testing conditions, and modeling as addressed by specific contributions will surely inspire scientists and technicians in their own innovative approaches and studies on creep and high-temperature deformation.

This concise survey describes the requirements on materials operating in high-temperature environments and the processes that increase the temperature capability of metals, ceramics, and composites. The major part deals with the applicable materials and their specific properties, with one entire chapter devoted to coatings. Written for engineering and science students, researchers, and managers in industry.

The book is concerned with understanding the fundamental mechanisms of high temperature alloy oxidation. It uses this understanding to develop methods of predicting oxidation rates and the way they change with temperature, gas chemistry and alloy composition. The focus is on designing (or selecting) alloy compositions which provide optimal resistance to attack by corrosive gases. . Emphasises quantitative calculations for predicting reaction rates and the effects of temperature, oxidant activities and alloy compositions. . Uses phase diagrams and diffusion paths to analyse and interpret scale structures and internal precipitation distributions . Provides a detailed examination of corrosion in industrial gases (water vapour effects, carburisation and metal dusting, sulphidation) . Text is well supported by numerous micrographs, phase diagrams and tabulations of relevant thermodynamic and kinetic data . Combines physical chemistry and materials science methodologies.

A straightforward treatment describing the oxidation processes of metals and alloys at elevated temperatures. This 2006 second edition retains the fundamental theory but incorporates advances made in understanding degradation phenomena. The first half provides an authoritative introduction to the basic principles, covering thermodynamics and mechanisms of high temperature corrosion of metals and alloys. The latter half extends the discussion to oxidation processes in complex systems, from reactions in mixed environments to protective techniques, including coatings and atmosphere control. The authors provide a logical and expert treatment of the subject, producing a revised edition that will be a comprehensive guide to material scientists and engineers requiring an understanding of this elementary process.